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fuel-and-energy company

  • 1 fuel-and-energy company

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > fuel-and-energy company

  • 2 ТЭК

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ТЭК

  • 3 energía

    f.
    1 energy, activeness, pep, vitality.
    2 energy, capacity to produce work, power.
    * * *
    1 energy, power
    2 figurado vigour (US vigor)
    \
    energía cinética kinetic energy
    energía eléctrica electric power
    energía nuclear nuclear power
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=fuerza) energy, drive
    2) (Téc) power, energy

    energía eléctrica — electric power, electricity

    * * *
    2)
    a) (vigor, empuje) energy
    b) ( firmeza) firmness
    * * *
    = drive, energy, fuel, power, liveliness, verve, pizzazz, oomph, pep.
    Ex. Hierarchical bibliometry would act as a positive drive to support the authorship requirements now stipulated by some international editorial committees.
    Ex. Ranganathan proposed five basic types of facets which may occur in many subject fields: personality, matter, energy, space, time.
    Ex. The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg energy conservation and fuel debt, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.
    Ex. She added that she felt sorry for the assistant because he had so little power.
    Ex. To infuse into that basic form an element of linguistic liveliness and wit, which marks out the best adult reviewers, is to ask far more than most children can hope to achieve.
    Ex. Much of the verve and shimmer of her lyrics can be connected to the near-fatal liver abscess she suffered in 1996.
    Ex. I wanted to show them an application which not only was database functional, but which itself had some pizzazz as a website.
    Ex. Many recent commentators speak as if they think that computers can painlessly deliver the oomph we need in curriculum.
    Ex. Not a lot of pep however, so this might be the day to curl up with a really challenging book or game.
    ----
    * ahorrar energía = save + energy.
    * ahorro de energía = energy conservation, energy saving, savings in energy.
    * compañía de suministro de energía = energy company.
    * Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica (Euratom o EAEC) = European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom/EAEC).
    * con energía = powerfully.
    * con mucha energía = high energy.
    * consumir energía = consume + energy, take up + energy.
    * conversión de la energía = energy conversion.
    * dar energía = energise [energize, -USA].
    * de alta energía = high energy.
    * dedicar energía = expend + energy.
    * derrochar energía = waste + energy.
    * energía atómica = nuclear power.
    * energía atómmica = atomic energy.
    * energía cinética = kinetic energy.
    * energía del mar = ocean energy.
    * energía del petróleo = petroleum energy.
    * energía eléctrica = electric power, power, electrical power.
    * energía eólica = wind energy, wind power.
    * energía espiritual = spiritual energy.
    * energía geotérmica = geothermal energy.
    * energía hidroeléctrica = hydroelectric power.
    * energía humana = human energy.
    * energía negativa = bad vibes.
    * energía no renovable = non-renewable energy.
    * energía nuclear = nuclear energy, nuclear power.
    * energía positiva = vibrations, good vibes.
    * energía producto de la fisión = fission energy.
    * energía renovable = renewable energy.
    * energía solar = solar energy.
    * energía térmica = thermal power.
    * energía termosolar = thermal solar power.
    * energía vital = life force.
    * faceta de Energía = Energy facet.
    * física de altas energías = high energy physics.
    * fuente de energía = energy source, source of energy, power source.
    * fuente de energía(s) alternativa(s) = alternative energy source.
    * generador de energía eléctrica = power generator, power unit, electrical generator.
    * generador de energía solar = solar energy generator.
    * impulsado por energía eólica = wind-powered.
    * infundir energía = energise [energize, -USA].
    * liberar energía = blow off + steam, let off + steam.
    * lleno de energía = energetic, feisty [feistier -comp., feistiest -sup.], full of beans.
    * modo de ahorro de energía = power save mode.
    * pletórico de energía = full of beans.
    * que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive, power-hungry.
    * que funciona con energía eólica = wind-powered.
    * rebosante de energía y lleno de entusiasmo = all bright-eyed and bushy-tailed.
    * rebosante de vida y energía = all bright-eyed and bushy-tailed.
    * recobrar energía = get + a second wind.
    * recobrar la energía = regain + Posesivo + strength.
    * recuperación de la energía = second wind.
    * recuperar la energía = regain + Posesivo + strength.
    * sin energía = lethargic.
    * transformación de la energía = energy conversion.
    * * *
    2)
    a) (vigor, empuje) energy
    b) ( firmeza) firmness
    * * *
    = drive, energy, fuel, power, liveliness, verve, pizzazz, oomph, pep.

    Ex: Hierarchical bibliometry would act as a positive drive to support the authorship requirements now stipulated by some international editorial committees.

    Ex: Ranganathan proposed five basic types of facets which may occur in many subject fields: personality, matter, energy, space, time.
    Ex: The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg energy conservation and fuel debt, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.
    Ex: She added that she felt sorry for the assistant because he had so little power.
    Ex: To infuse into that basic form an element of linguistic liveliness and wit, which marks out the best adult reviewers, is to ask far more than most children can hope to achieve.
    Ex: Much of the verve and shimmer of her lyrics can be connected to the near-fatal liver abscess she suffered in 1996.
    Ex: I wanted to show them an application which not only was database functional, but which itself had some pizzazz as a website.
    Ex: Many recent commentators speak as if they think that computers can painlessly deliver the oomph we need in curriculum.
    Ex: Not a lot of pep however, so this might be the day to curl up with a really challenging book or game.
    * ahorrar energía = save + energy.
    * ahorro de energía = energy conservation, energy saving, savings in energy.
    * compañía de suministro de energía = energy company.
    * Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica (Euratom o EAEC) = European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom/EAEC).
    * con energía = powerfully.
    * con mucha energía = high energy.
    * consumir energía = consume + energy, take up + energy.
    * conversión de la energía = energy conversion.
    * dar energía = energise [energize, -USA].
    * de alta energía = high energy.
    * dedicar energía = expend + energy.
    * derrochar energía = waste + energy.
    * energía atómica = nuclear power.
    * energía atómmica = atomic energy.
    * energía cinética = kinetic energy.
    * energía del mar = ocean energy.
    * energía del petróleo = petroleum energy.
    * energía eléctrica = electric power, power, electrical power.
    * energía eólica = wind energy, wind power.
    * energía espiritual = spiritual energy.
    * energía geotérmica = geothermal energy.
    * energía hidroeléctrica = hydroelectric power.
    * energía humana = human energy.
    * energía negativa = bad vibes.
    * energía no renovable = non-renewable energy.
    * energía nuclear = nuclear energy, nuclear power.
    * energía positiva = vibrations, good vibes.
    * energía producto de la fisión = fission energy.
    * energía renovable = renewable energy.
    * energía solar = solar energy.
    * energía térmica = thermal power.
    * energía termosolar = thermal solar power.
    * energía vital = life force.
    * faceta de Energía = Energy facet.
    * física de altas energías = high energy physics.
    * fuente de energía = energy source, source of energy, power source.
    * fuente de energía(s) alternativa(s) = alternative energy source.
    * generador de energía eléctrica = power generator, power unit, electrical generator.
    * generador de energía solar = solar energy generator.
    * impulsado por energía eólica = wind-powered.
    * infundir energía = energise [energize, -USA].
    * liberar energía = blow off + steam, let off + steam.
    * lleno de energía = energetic, feisty [feistier -comp., feistiest -sup.], full of beans.
    * modo de ahorro de energía = power save mode.
    * pletórico de energía = full of beans.
    * que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive, power-hungry.
    * que funciona con energía eólica = wind-powered.
    * rebosante de energía y lleno de entusiasmo = all bright-eyed and bushy-tailed.
    * rebosante de vida y energía = all bright-eyed and bushy-tailed.
    * recobrar energía = get + a second wind.
    * recobrar la energía = regain + Posesivo + strength.
    * recuperación de la energía = second wind.
    * recuperar la energía = regain + Posesivo + strength.
    * sin energía = lethargic.
    * transformación de la energía = energy conversion.

    * * *
    A ( Fís) energy
    derroche de energía waste of energy
    consumo de energía energy consumption
    fuentes de energía sources of energy
    Compuestos:
    atomic power
    kinetic energy
    electricity, electric power
    wind power
    water power
    nuclear power, nuclear energy
    solar power, solar energy
    B
    1 (vigor, empuje) energy
    lo acometió con energía he undertook it with great vigor o with great energy o very energetically
    me siento cansada y sin energía(s) I feel tired and lacking in energy
    protestar con energía to protest vigorously
    2 (firmeza) firmness
    tienes que tratarlo con más energía you must be firmer o stricter with him
    * * *

    energía sustantivo femenino
    1 (Fís) energy;
    energía nuclear/solar nuclear/solar power

    2
    a) (vigor, empuje) energy;


    está lleno de energía he's very energetic

    energía sustantivo femenino
    1 energy: nos enseñaron una central de energía solar, they showed us round a solar power station
    energía eléctrica, electricity
    energía nuclear, nuclear power
    2 (de una persona) energy, vitality
    ' energía' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    central
    - decaer
    - eólica
    - eólico
    - EURATOM
    - gastar
    - hidráulica
    - hidráulico
    - savia
    - solar
    - absorber
    - ahorrar
    - brío
    - consumir
    - dirigir
    - emplear
    - fuerza
    - ímpetu
    - pérdida
    - transportar
    - vigor
    English:
    bean
    - bounce
    - burst
    - drive
    - energy
    - go
    - harness
    - life
    - nuclear energy
    - power
    - solar-powered
    - sprightliness
    - stamina
    - bursting
    - energetic
    - nuclear
    - pep
    - wind
    * * *
    1. [para máquina, sistema] power, energy;
    [para el cuerpo, organismo] energy;
    fuentes de energía sources of energy;
    energías alternativas alternative energy sources;
    energía atómica nuclear power o energy;
    energía calórica heat energy;
    Fís energía cinética kinetic energy;
    energía eléctrica electric energy;
    energía eólica wind energy o power;
    energía geotérmica geothermal energy o power;
    energía hidráulica water power;
    energía hidroeléctrica hydroelectric power;
    energía limpia clean energy;
    energía mareomotriz tidal o wave energy;
    energía nuclear nuclear power o energy;
    energía de las olas o del oleaje tidal o wave energy;
    Fís energía potencial potential energy;
    energía radiante radiant energy;
    energías renovables renewable forms of energy;
    energía solar solar energy o power;
    energía térmica thermal energy o power
    2. [vigor físico] energy;
    su trabajo le resta energías his work doesn't leave him much energy;
    hay que empujar con energía you have to push hard
    3. [actitud] vigour, forcefulness;
    defendió su postura con energía she energetically defended her position;
    respondió con energía he responded emphatically
    * * *
    f energy;
    sin energía golpe weak, feeble; persona listless, lacking in energy; hacer algo listlessly;
    con energía hacer algo energetically; chutar hard;
    abrir la puerta con energía fling open the door
    * * *
    : energy
    * * *
    1. (fuerza) energy / power
    energía solar solar energy / solar power
    2. (capacidad) energy

    Spanish-English dictionary > energía

  • 4 Energie

    Energie f (E) IND energy, power Energie sparen UMWELT save energy, conserve energy
    * * *
    f (E) < Ind> energy, power ■ Energie sparen < Umwelt> save energy, conserve energy
    * * *
    Energie, erneuerbare
    renewable energy;
    kriminelle Energie criminal energy;
    mechanische Energie power;
    ungenutzte Energie waste energy;
    seine Energie für Produktivitätseignung einsetzen to direct one's energies towards higher productivity;
    Energie aus importiertem Gas erzeugen to produce energy from imported gas;
    Energie sparen to reduce energy consumption;
    Energieaufwand energy expenditure;
    Energieausschuss der Regierung cabinet committee on energy (Br.);
    Energieaustausch trade-off of energy;
    Energiebedarf demand for energy, power demand (requirements);
    Energieberater energy overseer;
    Energiebereich energy sector;
    Energiebereitstellung verstärken to strengthen energy planning and supply;
    Energiebilanz energy balance;
    Energieeffizienz verbessern to improve energy efficiency;
    gestiegene Energieeinfuhren hike in energy imports;
    Energieeinsparung energy conservation;
    Energieeinsparungen unterstützen to support energy conservation;
    umfassende Energieeinsparungsmaßnahmen energy package;
    Energieeinsparungsmöglichkeiten energy-saving potential;
    Energieerzeugung energy production;
    Energieexport energy export;
    Energiefragen energy-related issues;
    Energiehaushalt power economy;
    Energieinfrastruktur energy infrastructure;
    Energieknappheit power (energy) shortage;
    Energiekosten electricity (power) price;
    steigende Energiekosten rising costs of energy;
    Energiekrise energy crisis;
    Energieleistung power (energy) production;
    Energielücke energy gap;
    Energieministerium Ministry of Fuel and Power (Br.);
    Energienachfrage demand for energy;
    Energienetze energy network;
    Energieplanung energy planning;
    Energiepolitik energy (electricity) policy;
    Energiepreiserhöhung energy price increase;
    Energieproduktion energy output, power (energy) production;
    Energiequelle source of power, energy source (resources);
    umweltschonendere Energiequelle less polluting energy resource;
    Energiereserve store of energy;
    Energiesektor energy area;
    Energiesparprogramm energy conversation program(me);
    Energiesteuer tax on energy, energy tax;
    harmonisierte Energiesteuer harmonised energy tax;
    kombinierte Energie-/Kohlensteuer a combined energy/carbon tax;
    saubere und effektive Energietechnologie clean and efficient energy technology;
    Energieträger source of energy;
    Energieverbrauch power consumption, energy usage (use);
    Energieverbrauch einschränken to reduce energy consumption;
    Energieverbrauch senken to reduce energy consumption;
    Energieverbrauchswert energy consumption value;
    Energieverknappung energy shortage;
    Energieverlust (el.) power loss;
    Energieversorger power company;
    Energieversorgung electric[al] power (energy) supply;
    Energieversorgungsgesellschaft energy-supply company;
    Energiewirtschaft electric power industry, power-supply industry, energy business, power economy;
    Energiewirtschaftsunternehmen [electric] power plant;
    Energiezuteilung power allocation.

    Business german-english dictionary > Energie

  • 5 erneuerbare

    Energie, erneuerbare
    renewable energy;
    kriminelle Energie criminal energy;
    mechanische Energie power;
    ungenutzte Energie waste energy;
    seine Energie für Produktivitätseignung einsetzen to direct one's energies towards higher productivity;
    Energie aus importiertem Gas erzeugen to produce energy from imported gas;
    Energie sparen to reduce energy consumption;
    Energieaufwand energy expenditure;
    Energieausschuss der Regierung cabinet committee on energy (Br.);
    Energieaustausch trade-off of energy;
    Energiebedarf demand for energy, power demand (requirements);
    Energieberater energy overseer;
    Energiebereich energy sector;
    Energiebereitstellung verstärken to strengthen energy planning and supply;
    Energiebilanz energy balance;
    Energieeffizienz verbessern to improve energy efficiency;
    gestiegene Energieeinfuhren hike in energy imports;
    Energieeinsparung energy conservation;
    Energieeinsparungen unterstützen to support energy conservation;
    umfassende Energieeinsparungsmaßnahmen energy package;
    Energieeinsparungsmöglichkeiten energy-saving potential;
    Energieerzeugung energy production;
    Energieexport energy export;
    Energiefragen energy-related issues;
    Energiehaushalt power economy;
    Energieinfrastruktur energy infrastructure;
    Energieknappheit power (energy) shortage;
    Energiekosten electricity (power) price;
    steigende Energiekosten rising costs of energy;
    Energiekrise energy crisis;
    Energieleistung power (energy) production;
    Energielücke energy gap;
    Energieministerium Ministry of Fuel and Power (Br.);
    Energienachfrage demand for energy;
    Energienetze energy network;
    Energieplanung energy planning;
    Energiepolitik energy (electricity) policy;
    Energiepreiserhöhung energy price increase;
    Energieproduktion energy output, power (energy) production;
    Energiequelle source of power, energy source (resources);
    umweltschonendere Energiequelle less polluting energy resource;
    Energiereserve store of energy;
    Energiesektor energy area;
    Energiesparprogramm energy conversation program(me);
    Energiesteuer tax on energy, energy tax;
    harmonisierte Energiesteuer harmonised energy tax;
    kombinierte Energie-/Kohlensteuer a combined energy/carbon tax;
    saubere und effektive Energietechnologie clean and efficient energy technology;
    Energieträger source of energy;
    Energieverbrauch power consumption, energy usage (use);
    Energieverbrauch einschränken to reduce energy consumption;
    Energieverbrauch senken to reduce energy consumption;
    Energieverbrauchswert energy consumption value;
    Energieverknappung energy shortage;
    Energieverlust (el.) power loss;
    Energieversorger power company;
    Energieversorgung electric[al] power (energy) supply;
    Energieversorgungsgesellschaft energy-supply company;
    Energiewirtschaft electric power industry, power-supply industry, energy business, power economy;
    Energiewirtschaftsunternehmen [electric] power plant;
    Energiezuteilung power allocation.

    Business german-english dictionary > erneuerbare

  • 6 suministro

    m.
    supply (productos).
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: suministrar.
    * * *
    1 provision, supply, supplying
    1 supplies
    * * *
    noun m.
    supply, provision
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=provisión) supply

    suministros — (Mil) supplies

    2) (=acción) supplying, provision
    * * *
    a) ( acto de proveer) supply

    el suministro de gas/agua — the gas/water supply

    b) ( cosa provista) supply
    c) suministros masculino plural (Mil) supplies (pl)
    * * *
    = supply, dispensing, provision, delivery.
    Ex. The increasing demand for paper of all sorts, which the giant productivity of the Fourdrinier machine could easily meet, resulted in a parallel demand for rags which was soon outstripping the supply.
    Ex. The role of the university library embraces 5 functions: archival, bibliophilic, circulating, duplicating and dispensing and electronic.
    Ex. Some school libraries are becoming involved in life-long learning but local government and public libraries must take responsibility for provisions for this.
    Ex. Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.
    ----
    * armario de suministros = stock cupboard.
    * compañía de suministro de energía = energy company.
    * corte de suministro = power shutdown.
    * fuente de suministro = source of supply.
    * interrupción del suministro = power shutdown.
    * mercado de suministro de documentos = document supply market.
    * red de suministro de agua potable, la = water mains, mains, the.
    * red de suministro de documentos = document supply network.
    * red de suministro eléctrico = mains electricity.
    * red de suministro, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * servicio de suministro de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * sistema de suministro de documentos = document supply system.
    * sistema de suministro de información = information supply system.
    * suministro al por mayor = bulk supply.
    * suministro de alimentos = food supply, supply of food.
    * suministro de datos = reporting.
    * suministro de documentos = document supply.
    * suministro de información = information-giving.
    * suministro de libros = book supply.
    * suministro de material multimedia = media supply.
    * suministro eléctrico = power supply, electricity supply.
    * suministro eléctrico por fases = phase supply.
    * suministro industrial = industrial supply.
    * suministros de construcción = building supplies.
    * suministros de oficina = office supplies.
    * * *
    a) ( acto de proveer) supply

    el suministro de gas/agua — the gas/water supply

    b) ( cosa provista) supply
    c) suministros masculino plural (Mil) supplies (pl)
    * * *
    = supply, dispensing, provision, delivery.

    Ex: The increasing demand for paper of all sorts, which the giant productivity of the Fourdrinier machine could easily meet, resulted in a parallel demand for rags which was soon outstripping the supply.

    Ex: The role of the university library embraces 5 functions: archival, bibliophilic, circulating, duplicating and dispensing and electronic.
    Ex: Some school libraries are becoming involved in life-long learning but local government and public libraries must take responsibility for provisions for this.
    Ex: Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.
    * armario de suministros = stock cupboard.
    * compañía de suministro de energía = energy company.
    * corte de suministro = power shutdown.
    * fuente de suministro = source of supply.
    * interrupción del suministro = power shutdown.
    * mercado de suministro de documentos = document supply market.
    * red de suministro de agua potable, la = water mains, mains, the.
    * red de suministro de documentos = document supply network.
    * red de suministro eléctrico = mains electricity.
    * red de suministro, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * servicio de suministro de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * sistema de suministro de documentos = document supply system.
    * sistema de suministro de información = information supply system.
    * suministro al por mayor = bulk supply.
    * suministro de alimentos = food supply, supply of food.
    * suministro de datos = reporting.
    * suministro de documentos = document supply.
    * suministro de información = information-giving.
    * suministro de libros = book supply.
    * suministro de material multimedia = media supply.
    * suministro eléctrico = power supply, electricity supply.
    * suministro eléctrico por fases = phase supply.
    * suministro industrial = industrial supply.
    * suministros de construcción = building supplies.
    * suministros de oficina = office supplies.

    * * *
    el suministro de gas/agua the gas/water supply
    3 suministros mpl ( Mil) supplies (pl)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo suministrar: ( conjugate suministrar)

    suministro es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    suministró es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    suministrar    
    suministro
    suministrar ( conjugate suministrar) verbo transitivo (frml) to supply;
    suministro algo A algn to supply sb with sth
    suministro sustantivo masculino
    supply;

    suministrar verbo transitivo to supply: esta guía me suministra mucha información, this guide provides me with a lot of information
    suministro sustantivo masculino supply, provision

    ' suministro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cortarse
    - corte
    - colgar
    - interrumpir
    English:
    brownout
    - grid
    - main
    - provision
    - shut off
    - supply
    * * *
    1. [productos] supply
    2. [acción] supplying
    suministro de agua water supply;
    suministro eléctrico electricity supply, power supply;
    suministro de gas gas supply
    * * *
    m supply
    * * *
    : supply, provision
    * * *
    suministro n supply [pl. supplies]

    Spanish-English dictionary > suministro

  • 7 Bacon, Francis Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 21 December 1904 Billericay, England
    d. 24 May 1992 Little Shelford, Cambridge, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer, a pioneer in the modern phase of fuel-cell development.
    [br]
    After receiving his education at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, Bacon served with C.A. Parsons at Newcastle upon Tyne from 1925 to 1940. From 1946 to 1956 he carried out research on Hydrox fuel cells at Cambridge University and was a consultant on fuel-cell design to a number of organizations throughout the rest of his life.
    Sir William Grove was the first to observe that when oxygen and hydrogen were supplied to platinum electrodes immersed in sulphuric acid a current was produced in an external circuit, but he did not envisage this as a practical source of electrical energy. In the 1930s Bacon started work to develop a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell that operated at moderate temperatures and pressures using an alkaline electrolyte. In 1940 he was appointed to a post at King's College, London, and there, with the support of the Admiralty, he started full-time experimental work on fuel cells. His brief was to produce a power source for the propulsion of submarines. The following year he was posted as a temporary experimental officer to the Anti-Submarine Experimental Establishment at Fairlie, Ayrshire, and he remained there until the end of the Second World War.
    In 1946 he joined the Department of Chemical Engineering at Cambridge, receiving a small amount of money from the Electrical Research Association. Backing came six years later from the National Research and Development Corporation (NRDC), the development of the fuel cell being transferred to Marshalls of Cambridge, where Bacon was appointed Consultant.
    By 1959, after almost twenty years of individual effort, he was able to demonstrate a 6 kW (8 hp) power unit capable of driving a small truck. Bacon appreciated that when substantial power was required over long periods the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell associated with high-pressure gas storage would be more compact than conventional secondary batteries.
    The development of the fuel-cell system pioneered by Bacon was stimulated by a particular need for a compact, lightweight source of power in the United States space programme. Electro-chemical generators using hydrogen-oxygen cells were chosen to provide the main supplies on the Apollo spacecraft for landing on the surface of the moon in 1969. An added advantage of the cells was that they simultaneously provided water. NRDC was largely responsible for the forma-tion of Energy Conversion Ltd, a company that was set up to exploit Bacon's patents and to manufacture fuel cells, and which was supported by British Ropes Ltd, British Petroleum and Guest, Keen \& Nettlefold Ltd at Basingstoke. Bacon was their full-time consultant. In 1971 Energy Conversion's operation was moved to the UK Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, as Fuel Cells Ltd. Bacon remained with them until he retired in 1973.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    OBE 1967. FRS 1972. Royal Society S.G. Brown Medal 1965. Royal Aeronautical Society British Silver Medal 1969.
    Bibliography
    27 February 1952, British patent no. 667,298 (hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell). 1963, contribution in W.Mitchell (ed.), Fuel Cells, New York, pp. 130–92.
    1965, contribution in B.S.Baker (ed.), Hydrocarbon Fuel Cell Technology, New York, pp. 1–7.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1992, Daily Telegraph (8 June).
    A.McDougal, 1976, Fuel Cells, London (makes an acknowledgement of Bacon's contribution to the design and application of fuel cells).
    D.P.Gregory, 1972, Fuel Cells, London (a concise introduction to fuel-cell technology).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Bacon, Francis Thomas

  • 8 save

    I
    1. seiv verb
    1) (to rescue or bring out of danger: He saved his friend from drowning; The house was burnt but he saved the pictures.) salvar, rescatar
    2) (to keep (money etc) for future use: He's saving (his money) to buy a bicycle; They're saving for a house.) ahorrar, guardar, economizar
    3) (to prevent the using or wasting of (money, time, energy etc): Frozen foods save a lot of trouble; I'll telephone and that will save me writing a letter.) ahorrar
    4) (in football etc, to prevent the opposing team from scoring a goal: The goalkeeper saved six goals.) parar, impedir que se marque un gol
    5) (to free from the power of sin and evil.) salvar
    6) (to keep data in the computer.) guardar, archivar

    2. noun
    ((in football etc) an act of preventing the opposing team from scoring a goal.) parada
    - saving
    - savings
    - saviour
    - saving grace
    - savings account
    - savings bank
    - save up

    II seiv preposition, conjunction
    (except: All save him had gone; We have no news save that the ship reached port safely.) excepto
    save vb
    1. salvar
    2. ahorrar
    3. guardar
    4. guardar / archivar
    5. evitar
    6. parar
    tr[seɪv]
    1 (rescue) salvar ( from, de), rescatar ( from, de); (preserve) salvar ( from, de)
    you saved my life! ¡me has salvado la vida!
    2 SMALLRELIGION/SMALL salvar
    I've saved $200 towards my holidays he ahorrado $200 para las vacaciones
    4 (not waste - fuel, work, money) ahorrar; (time) ahorrar, ahorrarse, ganar
    5 (keep, put by - food, strength) guardar, reservar; (- stamps) coleccionar
    6 (avoid) evitar, ahorrar
    it saved us a lot of trouble nos evitó muchas molestias, nos ahorró muchas molestias
    7 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (goal) parar
    8 SMALLCOMPUTING/SMALL guardar, archivar
    1 (not spend) ahorrar (up, -)
    2 SMALLRELIGION/SMALL salvar
    1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL parada
    1 formal use (except) salvo, excepto
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    God save the Queen Dios salve a la Reina
    to save somebody's bacon salvarle el pellejo a alguien
    to save face salvar las apariencias
    to save one's breath no gastar saliva
    to save one's hide/neck/skin salvar el pellejo
    to save the day salvar la situación
    save ['seɪv] vt, saved ; saving
    1) rescue: salvar, rescatar
    2) preserve: preservar, conservar
    3) keep: guardar, ahorrar (dinero), almacenar (alimentos)
    save prep
    except: salvo, excepto, menos
    conj.
    a no ser que conj.
    prep.
    excepto prep.
    salvo prep.
    v.
    ahorrar v.
    economizar v.
    escasear v.
    guardar v.
    libertar v.
    salvar v.

    I
    1. seɪv
    1)
    a) (rescue, preserve) \<\<job/reputation/marriage\>\> salvar

    to save something/somebody FROM something/-ING — salvar algo/a alguien de algo/ + inf

    to save somebody from herself/himself — impedir* que alguien siga haciéndose daño

    God save the King/Queen! — Dios salve or guarde al Rey/a la Reina!

    to save one's bacon o neck o skin — (colloq) salvar el pellejo (fam)

    b) ( redeem) \<\<soul/sinner\>\> salvar, redimir
    2)
    a) ( be economical with) \<\<money/fuel/space/time\>\> ahorrar
    b) (spare, avoid) \<\<trouble/expense/embarrassment\>\> ahorrar, evitar

    to save (somebody) something/-ING: drip-drying the shirts saves ironing them si dejas escurrir las camisas, te evitas or te ahorras tener que plancharlas; it will save you a journey — te ahorrarás un viaje

    3)
    a) (keep, put aside) guardar; \<\<money\>\> ahorrar

    don't eat it now; save it for later — no te lo comas ahora; déjalo para luego

    to save oneself for somebody/something — reservarse para alguien/algo

    to save one's energy/strength — guardarse las energías/las fuerzas

    to save one's breath — (colloq) no gastar saliva (fam)

    b) ( Comput) guardar, almacenar
    4) ( Sport) \<\<shot/penalty\>\> salvar

    2.
    vi ahorrar
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    noun parada f

    III
    preposition (frml)

    save (for) — salvo, excepto, con excepción de

    b)

    he would have died, save for the fact that... — se habría muerto, si no hubiera sido porque... or de no haber sido porque...


    I [seɪv]
    1. VT
    1) (=rescue) [+ person in danger] rescatar, salvar; [+ lives, jobs] salvar; (Rel) [+ soul] salvar

    to save the day or the situation, reinforcements sent by the Allies saved the day — los refuerzos que enviaron los Aliados los sacaron del apuro

    to save sth/sb from sth/doing sth, he saved the company from bankruptcy — salvó a la empresa de la bancarrota

    he saved me from falling/drowning — me salvó de caerme/de morir ahogado, impidió que me cayera/que muriera ahogado

    to save sb's lifesalvar la vida a algn

    - save one's bacon or one's own skin
    - save sb's ass or butt
    2) (=preserve, conserve)

    to save o.s. for sth — reservarse para algo

    God save the Queen! — ¡Dios salve or guarde a la Reina!

    to save one's strength (for sth) — conservar or reservar (las) fuerzas (para algo)

    3) (=keep, put aside) (gen) guardar; [+ money] (also: save up) ahorrar

    to save sb sth, to save sth for sb — guardar algo a algn

    to save sth till lastguardar algo para el final

    he saved the best till last, scoring two goals in the final ten minutes — guardó lo mejor para el final, marcando dos goles en los últimos diez minutos

    save me a seatguárdame un asiento

    if you save six tokens you get a free book — si junta or reúne seis vales, recibirá un libro gratis

    4) (=not spend) [+ time] ahorrar, ganar; [+ money] ahorrar; [+ trouble] evitar, ahorrar

    it saved us a lot of troublenos evitó or ahorró muchas molestias

    that way you save £10 — así (te) ahorras 10 libras

    it saves fueleconomiza or ahorra combustible

    to save sb (from) sth/doing sth: it saves me (from) having to make a decision — me ahorra or evita tener que tomar una decisión

    I'll take him, it'll save you the journey — yo lo llevaré, así te ahorras or evitas el viaje

    5) (Sport) [+ penalty, shot] parar

    to save a goal — hacer una parada, parar un disparo a gol

    6) (Comput) archivar, guardar
    2. VI
    1) (also: save up) ahorrar

    he's saving for a new bike — está ahorrando (dinero) para (comprarse) una bici nueva

    2) (=economize)

    to save on sth, to save on petrol — ahorrar gasolina

    3) (US) (=keep) [food] conservarse, aguantar *
    3.
    N (Sport) parada f

    to make a save — hacer una parada

    SAVE THE CHILDREN
    Save the Children es una organización benéfica fundada en el Reino Unido en 1919 para ayudar a los niños que sufrieron las secuelas de la Revolución Rusa y de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Hoy en día se dedica a ofrecer ayuda de emergencia a los niños de todo el mundo que sufren de inanición o son víctimas de los efectos de guerras y desastres naturales y desarrolla proyectos a largo plazo para mejorar la higiene, la nutrición y la educación, además de luchar para que los gobiernos den prioridad a los derechos de los niños.
    II
    [seɪv]
    PREP liter salvo

    all save onetodos excepto or menos uno

    save that... — excepto que...

    * * *

    I
    1. [seɪv]
    1)
    a) (rescue, preserve) \<\<job/reputation/marriage\>\> salvar

    to save something/somebody FROM something/-ING — salvar algo/a alguien de algo/ + inf

    to save somebody from herself/himself — impedir* que alguien siga haciéndose daño

    God save the King/Queen! — Dios salve or guarde al Rey/a la Reina!

    to save one's bacon o neck o skin — (colloq) salvar el pellejo (fam)

    b) ( redeem) \<\<soul/sinner\>\> salvar, redimir
    2)
    a) ( be economical with) \<\<money/fuel/space/time\>\> ahorrar
    b) (spare, avoid) \<\<trouble/expense/embarrassment\>\> ahorrar, evitar

    to save (somebody) something/-ING: drip-drying the shirts saves ironing them si dejas escurrir las camisas, te evitas or te ahorras tener que plancharlas; it will save you a journey — te ahorrarás un viaje

    3)
    a) (keep, put aside) guardar; \<\<money\>\> ahorrar

    don't eat it now; save it for later — no te lo comas ahora; déjalo para luego

    to save oneself for somebody/something — reservarse para alguien/algo

    to save one's energy/strength — guardarse las energías/las fuerzas

    to save one's breath — (colloq) no gastar saliva (fam)

    b) ( Comput) guardar, almacenar
    4) ( Sport) \<\<shot/penalty\>\> salvar

    2.
    vi ahorrar
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    noun parada f

    III
    preposition (frml)

    save (for) — salvo, excepto, con excepción de

    b)

    he would have died, save for the fact that... — se habría muerto, si no hubiera sido porque... or de no haber sido porque...

    English-spanish dictionary > save

  • 9 cargar

    v.
    1 to load (llenar) (vehículo, arma, cámara).
    cargar algo de to load something with
    cargar algo en un barco/en un camión to load something onto a ship/onto a lorry
    cargar algo demasiado to overload something
    cargar las tintas (figurative) to exaggerate, to lay it on thick
    Pedro cargaba los camiones en la noche Peter loaded up the trucks at night
    2 to give (responsabilidad, tarea).
    siempre le cargan de trabajo they always give him far too much work to do
    Missy cargó la batería Missy charged the battery.
    Pedro cargó la cuenta Peter charged the account.
    4 to bug (informal) (molestar). (peninsular Spanish)
    me carga su pedantería his pretentiousness really gets on my nerves
    5 to carry, to bear, to take the weight of, to bear in arms.
    Bernardo cargó a María Bernardo carried Mary.
    6 to fill, to load.
    Missy cargó su bolso con recuerdos Missy filled her bag with souvenirs.
    7 to make heavier by overloading, to overload.
    La aerolínea cargó el avión The airline overloaded the plane.
    8 to mount.
    Cargar el revólver Mount the gun.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ LLEGAR], like link=llegar llegar
    1 (poner peso) to load
    2 (arma, máquina de fotos) to load
    3 ELECTRICIDAD to charge
    4 (pluma etc) to fill
    5 (precio) to charge; (en cuenta) to debit
    nos cargaron un 7% de IVA we were charged 7% VAT
    6 figurado (poner muchas cosas) to fill (de, with), cram (de, with)
    7 figurado (trabajo) to burden with, lumber with; (responsabilidad) to burden (de, with); (culpa) to put on, lay on
    8 familiar figurado (molestar) to bother, annoy
    9 DERECHO to charge
    10 INFORMÁTICA to load
    11 MILITAR to charge
    12 (naipes) to trump; (dados) to load
    1 (gen) to load
    2 (batería) to charge
    3 (toro, elefante, etc) to charge
    4 (atacar) to charge (contra/sobre, -)
    5 cargar con (algo que pesa) to carry; (una obligación) to shoulder, take on
    1 (llenarse) to load oneself (de, with)
    2 (el cielo) to get cloudy, become overcast
    3 ELECTRICIDAD to become charged
    5 familiar (destrozar) to smash, ruin
    6 familiar (matar) to knock off
    \
    cargar algo en la cuenta de alguien COMERCIO to debit somebody's account with something
    cargar con alguien figurado to take charge of somebody
    cargar con el muerto familiar to be left holding the baby 2 (ser culpado) to get the blame
    cargar con la culpa to take the blame
    cargar con la responsabilidad to take the responsibility
    cargar con las consecuencias to suffer the consequences
    cargar la mano de algo familiar (poner mucho) to add too much (of) something
    cargar las culpas a alguien to put the blame on somebody
    cargarse de algo figurado to weigh oneself down with something, saddle oneself with something, burden oneself with something
    cargarse de paciencia to summon up one's patience
    cargárselas familiar to get into trouble
    te las vas a cargar you'll get into trouble, you're in for it
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ peso] (=echar) to load; (=llevar) to carry
    2) (=llenar)
    a) [+ vehículo, pistola, lavadora, cámara] to load
    b) (=llenar de combustible) [+ mechero, pluma] to fill; [+ batería, pilas] to charge; [+ horno] to stoke
    c) [en exceso]

    has cargado la sopa de salyou've overdone the salt o put too much salt in the soup

    d) [+ imaginación, mente] to fill
    e) (Inform) to load
    3) (=cobrar)
    a) [en cuenta] to charge
    b) [+ contribución] to charge for; [+ impuesto] to levy
    4) (=hacer recaer)

    cargar las culpas (de algo) a algn — to blame sb (for sth), put the blame (for sth) on sb

    cargar la culpabilidad en o sobre algn — to hold sb responsible, put the blame on sb

    5) (=agobiar)

    cargar a algn de algo: el ser campeones nos carga de responsabilidad — being champions places a lot of responsibility on our shoulders

    6) (=acusar) to charge, accuse

    cargar algo a algn, cargar a algn con algo — to charge sb with sth, accuse sb of sth

    cargar a algn de poco escrupuloso — to accuse sb of being unscrupulous, charge sb with being unscrupulous

    7) (=soportar) [+ culpa] to take; [+ responsabilidad] to accept; [+ carga] to shoulder
    8) * (=fastidiar)

    esto me cargathis gets on my nerves *, this bugs me *

    9) * (=suspender) to fail
    10) (Mil) (=atacar) to charge, attack
    11) (Náut) [+ vela] to take in
    12) [+ dados] to load
    13) LAm (=llevar)

    ¿cargas dinero? — have you got any money on you?

    14) And, Cono Sur [perro] to attack, go for
    2. VI
    1) (=echar carga) (Aut) to load up; (Náut) to take on cargo
    2)

    cargar con —

    a) [+ objeto] (=levantar) to pick up; (=llevar) to carry
    b) [+ culpa, responsabilidad] to take; [+ consecuencias] to suffer
    3) (=atacar)

    cargar sobre algn(=presionar) to urge sb, press sb; (=molestar) to pester sb

    4) (=apoyarse)

    cargar en o sobre algo — [persona] to lean on o against sth; [muro, bóveda] to rest on sth, be supported by sth

    5) (Ling) [acento] to fall (en, sobre on)
    6) (Meteo) to turn, veer (a to) ( hacia towards)
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <barco/avión/camión> to load
    b) <pistola/escopeta> to load; <pluma/encendedor> to fill; < cámara> to load, put a film in
    c) (Elec) to charge
    2)
    a) < mercancías> to load
    b) < combustible> to fuel

    tengo que cargar nafta — (RPl) I have to fill up with gasoline (AmE) o (BrE) petrol

    c) (Inf) to load
    3)
    b) < culpa> (+ me/te/le etc)

    me cargaron la culpathey put o laid the blame on me

    4) ( llevar)
    a) <paquetes/bolsas> to carry; < niño> (AmL) to carry
    b) (AmL exc RPl) < armas> to carry
    c) (Ven fam) ( llevar puesto) to wear; ( tener consigo)
    5) ( a una cuenta) to charge

    me lo cargaron en cuenta or lo cargaron a mi cuenta — they charged it to my account

    6)
    a) (Esp fam) profesor to fail, flunk (AmE colloq)
    b) (Méx fam) ( matar) to kill
    2.
    cargar vi
    1)

    cargar con algo: tiene que cargar con todo el peso de la casa she has to shoulder all the responsibility for the household; acabó cargando con la culpa — he ended up taking the blame

    2) tropas/policía
    3) batería to charge
    4) (fam) (+ me/te/le etc) ( fastidiar)
    5)
    a) pilas/flash to charge; partícula to become charged
    b) (de peso, obligaciones)

    cargarse de algo: no te cargues de equipaje don't take too much luggage; cargarse de responsabilidades to take on a lot of responsibilities; se cargó de deudas he saddled himself with debts; ya se ha cargado de hijos — she's had too many children

    6)
    a) (fam) ( matar) to kill
    b) (Esp fam) (romper, estropear) < motor> to wreck; < jarrón> to smash

    cargársela(s) — (fam)

    c) (enf) (Esp fam) ( suspender) profesor to fail, flunk (AmE colloq)
    * * *
    = encumber, upload, load, burden, debit, charge.
    Ex. If the copy price is entered, the system will encumber the appropriate binding fund.
    Ex. Once the data has been edited, the user can go online again to upload this amended file to the host computer.
    Ex. This article describes the functionality of CARL software for this purpose, loads a brief rundown of data bases, and gives the criteria for selecting data bases.
    Ex. Libraries that aren't burdened by millions of volumes do not need subject heading lists prepared for million-volume libraries.
    Ex. An acquisitions file is intended to indicate the status of each title on order, together with information on its ordering (supplier, date etc., for whom it was ordered, and the heading or budget to which the cost is to be debited).
    Ex. Each donkey drawn cart is provided with a solar unit installed on the roof; a battery charged by this solar energy supplies the electric power.
    ----
    * acabar cargando con Algo = wind up with + Nombre.
    * cargar con = saddle with.
    * cargar con ello = live with it.
    * cargar con la responsabilidad = shoulder + the burden, shoulder + the responsibility.
    * cargar con las consecuencias = bear + the consequences, live with + the consequences.
    * cargar de electricidad = charge with + electricity.
    * cargar el mochuelo = pass + the bucket.
    * cargar el muerto = pass + the bucket.
    * cargar información = load + information.
    * que se carga por la boca = muzzle-loading.
    * tener que cargar con = be stuck with, saddle with, get + stuck with.
    * tener que cargar con el peso de = be burdened with.
    * tener que cargar con el peso de la tradición = be burdened with + tradition.
    * volver a cargar = reload.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <barco/avión/camión> to load
    b) <pistola/escopeta> to load; <pluma/encendedor> to fill; < cámara> to load, put a film in
    c) (Elec) to charge
    2)
    a) < mercancías> to load
    b) < combustible> to fuel

    tengo que cargar nafta — (RPl) I have to fill up with gasoline (AmE) o (BrE) petrol

    c) (Inf) to load
    3)
    b) < culpa> (+ me/te/le etc)

    me cargaron la culpathey put o laid the blame on me

    4) ( llevar)
    a) <paquetes/bolsas> to carry; < niño> (AmL) to carry
    b) (AmL exc RPl) < armas> to carry
    c) (Ven fam) ( llevar puesto) to wear; ( tener consigo)
    5) ( a una cuenta) to charge

    me lo cargaron en cuenta or lo cargaron a mi cuenta — they charged it to my account

    6)
    a) (Esp fam) profesor to fail, flunk (AmE colloq)
    b) (Méx fam) ( matar) to kill
    2.
    cargar vi
    1)

    cargar con algo: tiene que cargar con todo el peso de la casa she has to shoulder all the responsibility for the household; acabó cargando con la culpa — he ended up taking the blame

    2) tropas/policía
    3) batería to charge
    4) (fam) (+ me/te/le etc) ( fastidiar)
    5)
    a) pilas/flash to charge; partícula to become charged
    b) (de peso, obligaciones)

    cargarse de algo: no te cargues de equipaje don't take too much luggage; cargarse de responsabilidades to take on a lot of responsibilities; se cargó de deudas he saddled himself with debts; ya se ha cargado de hijos — she's had too many children

    6)
    a) (fam) ( matar) to kill
    b) (Esp fam) (romper, estropear) < motor> to wreck; < jarrón> to smash

    cargársela(s) — (fam)

    c) (enf) (Esp fam) ( suspender) profesor to fail, flunk (AmE colloq)
    * * *
    = encumber, upload, load, burden, debit, charge.

    Ex: If the copy price is entered, the system will encumber the appropriate binding fund.

    Ex: Once the data has been edited, the user can go online again to upload this amended file to the host computer.
    Ex: This article describes the functionality of CARL software for this purpose, loads a brief rundown of data bases, and gives the criteria for selecting data bases.
    Ex: Libraries that aren't burdened by millions of volumes do not need subject heading lists prepared for million-volume libraries.
    Ex: An acquisitions file is intended to indicate the status of each title on order, together with information on its ordering (supplier, date etc., for whom it was ordered, and the heading or budget to which the cost is to be debited).
    Ex: Each donkey drawn cart is provided with a solar unit installed on the roof; a battery charged by this solar energy supplies the electric power.
    * acabar cargando con Algo = wind up with + Nombre.
    * cargar con = saddle with.
    * cargar con ello = live with it.
    * cargar con la responsabilidad = shoulder + the burden, shoulder + the responsibility.
    * cargar con las consecuencias = bear + the consequences, live with + the consequences.
    * cargar de electricidad = charge with + electricity.
    * cargar el mochuelo = pass + the bucket.
    * cargar el muerto = pass + the bucket.
    * cargar información = load + information.
    * que se carga por la boca = muzzle-loading.
    * tener que cargar con = be stuck with, saddle with, get + stuck with.
    * tener que cargar con el peso de = be burdened with.
    * tener que cargar con el peso de la tradición = be burdened with + tradition.
    * volver a cargar = reload.

    * * *
    cargar [A3 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹barco/avión/camión› to load
    cargaron el camión con 20 toneladas de fruta they loaded the truck with 20 tons of fruit, they loaded 20 tons of fruit onto the truck
    2 ‹pistola/escopeta› to load; ‹pluma/encendedor› to fill; ‹cámara› to load, put a film in
    cargó la lavadora he loaded the washing machine, he put the washing in the machine
    cargué la estufa de leña I put some wood in the stove, I filled the stove with wood
    no cargues tanto ese baúl don't put so much into that trunk, don't fill that trunk so full
    3 ‹batería/pila› to charge; ‹condensador/partícula› to charge
    4 ( Inf) ‹programa/aplicación› to load; (subir) to upload
    B
    1 ‹mercancías› to load
    cargaron los muebles en el camión they loaded the furniture into/onto the truck
    2 ‹combustible› to fuel
    el avión hizo escala en Roma para cargar combustible the plane stopped in Rome to refuel
    tengo que cargar nafta ( RPl); I have to fill up with gasoline ( AmE) o ( BrE) petrol
    C
    lo cargaron de responsabilidades they gave him a lot of responsibility o burdened him with responsibility
    2 ‹culpa› (+ me/te/le etc):
    quieren cargarme la culpa de lo que pasó they're trying to put o lay the blame on me o they're trying to blame me for what happened
    3
    ( Chi fam) cargar algo A algo: carga sus cuadros al azul she uses a lot of blue in her paintings
    1 ‹paquetes/bolsas› to carry; ‹niño› ( AmL) to carry
    te cargo en mi mente ( liter); you're in my thoughts
    2
    ( Ven fam) (tener consigo): cargo las llaves I have the keys on o with me
    ¿cargas carro? do you have the car with you?
    3 ( Chi) ‹armas› to carry
    4 ( Ven fam) (llevar puesto) to wear
    cargaba una camisa azul he was wearing a blue shirt
    siempre carga una sonrisa de felicidad she always wears o has a happy smile
    5 ( Ven fam) ‹fama› to have
    carga una fama de ladrón he has a reputation as a thief
    E (a una cuenta) to charge
    me lo cargaron en cuenta or lo cargaron a mi cuenta they charged it to my account
    F
    1 ( Esp fam) «profesor» to fail, flunk ( AmE colloq)
    2 ( Méx fam) (matar) to kill
    3 ( RPl fam) (tomar el pelo a) to tease
    lo cargan porque está tan gordo they tease him o ( colloq) poke fun at him because he's so fat
    sabía que me estaban cargando I knew they were pulling my leg ( colloq), I knew they were putting ( AmE) o ( BrE) having me on ( colloq)
    4 (Ur fam) ‹mujer› to try to pick … up ( colloq)
    G «toro» to mount, cover
    ■ cargar
    vi
    A
    2 (con una responsabilidad) cargar CON algo:
    tiene que cargar con todo el peso de la casa she has to shoulder all the responsibility for the household
    vaya a donde vaya tiene que cargar con los niños wherever she goes she has to take the children with her
    acabó cargando con la culpa he ended up taking the blame
    3 ( Arquit) cargar SOBRE algo to rest ON sth
    la cúpula carga sobre estas cuatro columnas the dome rests on o is supported by these four columns
    4 ( Indum):
    cargar a la derecha/izquierda to dress to the right/left
    B
    1 «tropas/policía» to charge cargar CONTRA algn to charge ON o AT sb
    la policía cargó contra los manifestantes the police charged on o at the demonstrators
    2 «toro» to charge
    C «batería» to charge
    D ( fam) (+ me/te/le etc)
    (fastidiar): me cargan los fanfarrones como él I can't stand show-offs like him, show-offs like him really annoy me o ( colloq) get on my nerves
    me carga levantarme temprano I hate o can't stand getting up early
    A
    1 «pilas/flash» to charge; «partícula» to become charged
    2 (de peso, obligaciones) cargarse DE algo:
    no te cargues de equipaje don't take too much luggage, don't weigh yourself down with luggage
    se había cargado de responsabilidades he had taken on a lot of responsibilities
    se cargó de deudas he saddled himself with debts, he got deep into debt
    a los pocos años ya se había cargado de hijos within a few years she already had several children
    B
    1 ( Esp fam) (romper, estropear) ‹motor› to wreck; ‹jarrón› to smash
    se han cargado el pueblo they've ruined the village
    cargársela(s) ( fam): si no me dices dónde está te las vas a cargar if you don't tell me where it is you'll be for it o you'll get what for o you'll be in trouble ( colloq)
    2 ( enf) ( Esp fam) «profesor» to fail, flunk ( AmE colloq)
    3 ( fam) (matar) to kill
    C ( Chi fam)
    1 (inclinarse, propender) cargarse A algo:
    se cargan a la flojera they tend to be lazy
    * * *

     

    cargar ( conjugate cargar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a)barco/avión/camión to load;


    no cargues tanto el coche don't put so much in the car
    b)pistola/escopeta to load;

    pluma/encendedor to fill;
    cámara to load, put a film in
    c) (Elec) to charge

    2

    b) combustible to fuel;

    tengo que cargar nafta (RPl) I have to fill up with gasoline (AmE) o (BrE) petrol

    c) (Inf) to load

    3 ( de obligaciones) cargar a algn de algo to burden sb with sth;
    me cargaron la culpa they put o laid the blame on me

    4
    a)paquetes/bolsas to carry;

    niño› (AmL) to carry
    b) (AmL exc RPl) ‹ armas to carry

    c) (Ven fam) ( llevar puesto) to wear;

    ( tener consigo):

    5 ( a una cuenta) to charge
    6 (Méx fam) ( matar) to kill
    verbo intransitivo
    1 cargar con algo ‹ con bulto to carry sth;

    2 cargar contra algn [tropas/policía] to charge on o at sb
    3 [ batería] to charge
    4 (fam) ( fastidiar):

    cargarse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) [pilas/flash] to charge;

    [ partícula] to become charged
    b) cargarse de algo ‹de bolsas/equipaje› to load oneself down with sth;

    de responsabilidades› to take on a lot of sth;
    de deudas› to saddle oneself with sth
    2
    a) (fam) ( matar) to kill

    b) (Esp fam) ‹ motor to wreck;

    jarrón to smash
    cargar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to load: cargó al niño en brazos, she took the boy in her arms
    2 (un mechero, una pluma) to fill
    3 (poner carga eléctrica) to charge
    4 (atribuir algo negativo) cargar a alguien con las culpas, to put the blame on sb
    le cargan la responsabilidad a su padre, they put the blame on his father
    5 Com to charge: cárguelo a mi cuenta, charge it to my account
    6 familiar Educ to fail
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (soportar, hacerse cargo) to lumber [con, with]: carga con la casa y con la suegra, she has to do all the housework as well as having to take care of her mother-in-law
    figurado cargar con las consecuencias, to suffer the consequences
    2 (llevar un peso) to carry: siempre carga con lo más pesado, he always takes the heaviest
    3 (arremeter, atacar) to charge [contra, against]
    ' cargar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    gravar
    - pila
    - tinta
    - muerto
    English:
    burden
    - charge
    - debit
    - download
    - hump
    - land
    - load
    - load up
    - lumber
    - shoulder
    - weigh down
    - bear
    - boot
    - carry
    - cart
    - encumber
    - pin
    - rap
    - recharge
    - top
    - up
    * * *
    vt
    1. [vehículo] to load;
    cargar algo de to load sth with;
    cargar algo en un barco/en un camión to load sth onto a ship/onto a truck o Br lorry;
    cargaron la furgoneta con cajas they loaded the van up with boxes;
    cargar algo demasiado to overload sth
    2. [arma, cámara] to load;
    [pluma, mechero] to refill; RP [tanque] to fill (up);
    ha cargado el guiso de sal he's put too much salt in the stew, he's overdone the salt in the stew;
    cargar las tintas to exaggerate, to lay it on thick
    3. [peso encima] to throw over one's shoulder;
    cargué la caja a hombros I carried the box on my shoulder
    4. Elec to charge
    5. Esp Fam [molestar] to bug;
    me carga su pedantería his pretentiousness really gets on my nerves;
    me carga tener que aguantarlo it bugs the hell out of me that I have to put up with him
    6. [adeudar] [importe, factura, deuda] to charge (a to);
    cargar un impuesto a algo/alguien to tax sth/sb;
    cargar algo a alguien en su cuenta to charge sth to sb's account;
    no me han cargado todavía el recibo de la luz the payment for the electricity bill still hasn't gone through;
    cargar de más to overcharge;
    cargar de menos to undercharge
    7. [responsabilidad, tarea] to give;
    siempre lo cargan de trabajo they always give him far too much work to do;
    le cargaron la culpa a ella they laid o put the blame on her
    8. [producir pesadez] [sujeto: olor] to make stuffy;
    [sujeto: comida] to bloat;
    el humo ha cargado la habitación the atmosphere in the room is thick with smoke
    9. Informát to load
    10. Náut [velas] to furl, to take in
    11. Méx Fam [matar] to bump off, US to ice
    12. RP Fam [bromear]
    José se casó – ¡me estás cargando! José got married – you're having me on o you're kidding!
    13. RP Fam [intentar seducir]
    cargar a alguien to come on to sb, Br to try to get off with sb, US to hit on sb
    14. Ven Fam [llevar encima] to carry, to tote;
    [llevar puesto] to wear, to have on;
    cargar una pistola to carry a gun;
    cargar anteojos to wear specs;
    cargar un niño [en brazos] to carry a child;
    [de la mano] to lead a child by the hand;
    no cargo carro hoy I haven't got my wheels today;
    aún cargo aquella imagen conmigo I can still picture the scene;
    carga siempre una cara triste he always has a sad face on him;
    carga una gran pena he's sick at heart;
    carga dolor de espalda she has a bad back;
    cargamos fama de deshonestos we have a name for being dishonest
    15. Chile, Perú [atacar] to attack
    vi
    1.
    cargar con [paquete, bulto] to carry;
    [coste, responsabilidad] to bear; [consecuencias] to accept; [culpa] to get;
    cargué con todos los paquetes I carried all the packages;
    hoy me toca a mí cargar con los niños it's my turn to look after the children today
    2.
    cargar contra [atacar] to charge;
    la policía cargó contra los alborotadores the police charged (at) the rioters;
    Dep
    cargar contra alguien to brush sb aside, to push sb [with one's body]
    3.
    cargar sobre [acento] to fall on;
    Arquit to lean o rest on;
    cargar sobre alguien [recaer] to fall on sb;
    el pelotón cargó sobre la posición enemiga the platoon charged the enemy position;
    la bóveda carga sobre cuatro pilares the vault is supported by four pillars
    4. [toro] to charge
    5. [tormenta] to turn, to veer
    6. Elec to charge;
    esta batería ya no carga this battery won't charge any more
    7. RP Fam [bromear]
    se murió el gato – ¡estás cargando! the cat died – you're kidding o joking!
    8. RP Fam [intentar seducir]
    se pasó la noche cargando he spent the night Br trying to get off with someone o US hitting on people
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 arma, camión load
    2 batería, acusado charge
    3 COM charge (en to);
    cargar algo en cuenta a alguien charge sth to s.o.’s account
    4 L.Am. ( traer) carry
    5
    :
    esto me carga L.Am. I can’t stand this
    II v/i
    1 ( apoyarse) rest ( sobre on)
    2 ( fastidiar) be annoying
    3
    :
    cargar con algo carry sth;
    cargar con la culpa fig shoulder the blame;
    tuvo que cargar con toda la familia durante las vacaciones I had the whole family to contend with during the vacation
    4
    :
    cargar contra alguien MIL, DEP charge (at) s.o.
    * * *
    cargar {52} vt
    1) : to carry
    2) : to load, to fill
    3) : to charge
    cargar vi
    1) : to load
    2) : to rest (in architecture)
    3)
    cargar sobre : to fall upon
    * * *
    cargar vb
    1. (vehículo, mercancías, arma, etc) to load
    ¿sabes cargar la cámara? do you know how to load the film?
    2. (pluma) to fill
    3. (pila) to charge
    cargar con (llevar) to carry [pt. & pp. carried] (responsabilidad) to take on [pt. took; pp. taken] / to shoulder

    Spanish-English dictionary > cargar

  • 10 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


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    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 11 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 12 echar

    v.
    1 to throw.
    echar algo a la basura to throw something in the bin
    Ella echa la basura She throws the garbage.
    2 to put.
    echa esos pantalones a la lavadora put those trousers in the washing machine
    3 to pour (añadir) (vino, agua).
    échame más zumo, por favor (sal, azúcar) could you pour me some more juice, please?
    5 to post(postcard, letter).
    echar algo al correo to put something in the post, to post something, to mail something (United States)
    6 to give off, to emit (humo, vapor, chispas).
    El silenciador echa gases tóxicos The muffler emits toxic gases.
    7 to sprout, to shoot (hojas, flores).
    Mi mata de café echó hojitas My coffee plant sprouted leaves.
    8 to lie (down).
    9 to tell (buenaventura).
    10 to fire, to turn out, to dismiss.
    La empresa echó a los empleados The company fired the employees.
    11 to put in, to add in, to pour, to pour in.
    Ella le echó agua al balde She put water in the pail.
    12 to cast out, to throw out, to ditch, to drop.
    María echó al borracho Mary cast out the wino.
    13 to blame, to attribute.
    Le echó la culpa a Ricardo He attributed the blame to Ricardo.
    14 to blurt out.
    Nos echó una andanada de insultos He blurted out insults on us.
    * * *
    1 (lanzar) to throw
    2 (dejar caer) to put, drop
    3 (líquido) to pour; (comida) to give; (sal) to add, put in
    4 (carta) to post, US mail
    5 (expulsar) to throw out
    6 (despedir de empleo) to sack, dismiss, fire
    7 (brotar, salir - plantas) to sprout; (- dientes) to cut; (- pelo) to grow
    8 (decir) to tell
    9 (emanar) to give out, give off
    10 (suponer, calcular) to guess
    11 (poner, aplicar) to put on, apply
    12 (llave) to lock, turn; (cerrojo) to bolt, fasten
    echa la llave lock the door, lock it
    echa el cerrojo bolt the door, fasten the bolt
    13 (multas, tributos) to give, impose
    14 (en naipes) to deal
    15 familiar (en el cine, teatro) to show, put on
    1 echar a + inf (empezar) to begin to
    2 echar de + inf (dar)
    3 echar por (seguir, ir) to take, follow
    1 (arrojarse) to throw oneself
    2 (tenderse) to lie down
    3 (ponerse) to put on
    4 (novio, novia) to get oneself
    5 echarse a + inf (empezar) to begin to
    \
    echar a cara o cruz to toss for
    echar a un lado to push aside
    echar a perder to spoil
    echar a suertes to draw lots
    echar abajo→ link=echarechar por tierra
    echar algo a suertes figurado to draw lots for something
    echar barriga / echar carnes to put on weight
    echar cuentas to calculate
    echar de menos / echar en falta to miss
    echar el freno to put the brake on
    echar en cara to blame
    echar la buenaventura to tell somebody's fortune
    echar la casa por la ventana figurado to spare no expense, splash out
    echar las bases de to lay the foundations for
    echar leña al fuego figurado to add fuel to the fire
    echar mano a algo to reach for something
    echar mano de to make use of
    echar pelillos a la mar figurado to bury the hatchet
    echar un cigarrillo to smoke a cigarette
    echar una mano to give a hand
    echar una mirada / echar una ojeada to have a look, have a quick look
    echar una parrafada to have a chat
    echar una partida to play a game
    echar una regañina a alguien / echar un sermón a alguien to tell somebody off
    echar una siesta to have a siesta
    echarse a perder (alimentos) to go bad 2 (personas) to go downhill
    echarse a un lado to move to one side
    echarse atrás (inclinarse) to lean back 2 (repensárselo) to have second thoughts, get cold feet
    echárselas de familiar to claim to be
    * * *
    verb
    1) to throw, throw out
    2) fire, dismiss
    4) add
    6) put
    - echar de menos
    - echarse
    * * *
    Para las expresiones echar abajo, echar en cara, echar la culpa, echar en falta, echar de menos, echar a perder, echar raíces, echar a suertes, ver la otra entrada.
    1. VERBO TRANSITIVO
    1) (=tirar) [+ pelota, piedra, dados] to throw; [+ basura] to throw away; [+ ancla, red] to cast; [+ moneda al aire] to toss; [+ mirada] to cast, give; [+ naipe] to deal

    ¿qué te han echado los Reyes? — what did you get for Christmas?

    2) (=poner) to put

    ¿te echo mantequilla en el pan? — shall I put some butter on your bread?

    tengo que echar [gasolina] — I need to fill up (with petrol)

    leña 1)
    3) (=verter) to pour
    4) (=servir) [+ bebida] to pour; [+ comida] to give

    échame agua — could you give {o} pour me some water?

    ¿te echo más whisky? — shall I pour you some more whisky?

    tengo que echar de [comer] a los animales — I have to feed the animals

    lo que le echen —

    5) (=dejar salir)

    ¡qué peste echan tus zapatos! — * your shoes stink to high heaven! *

    chispa 1., 1), espuma 1), hostia 6), leche 9), peste 3), sangre 1)
    6) (=expulsar) [de casa, bar, tienda, club] to throw out; [del trabajo] to fire *, sack *; [de colegio] to expel

    la echaron del trabajo — she's been fired {o} sacked *

    echar algo de sí — to get rid of sth, throw sth off

    7) (=producir) [+ dientes] to cut; [+ hojas] to sprout

    está empezando a echar barriga — he's starting to get a bit of a belly {o} paunch

    ¡vaya mal genio que has echado últimamente! — you've become {o} got really bad-tempered recently!

    8) (=cerrar)

    echar la llave/el cerrojo — to lock/bolt the door

    9) (=mover)
    a) [+ parte del cuerpo]

    echar la cabeza a un lado — to tilt {o} cock one's head to one side

    b) (=empujando) to push
    10) (=enviar) [+ carta] to post, mail (EEUU)

    ¿dónde puedo echar esta postal? — where can I post this postcard?

    11) (=calcular) to reckon

    ¿cuántos kilos le echas? — how much do you think {o} reckon she weighs?

    ¿cuántos años le echas? — how old do you think {o} reckon he is?

    12) (=dar) [+ discurso] to give, make

    echar una reprimenda a algn — to tick sb off, give sb a ticking-off

    13) [con sustantivos que implican acciones] [+ trago, partida] to have

    ¿echamos un café? — shall we have a coffee?

    salió al balcón a echar un cigarrillo — he went out onto the balcony for a smoke {o} cigarette

    echar una multa a algn — to fine sb, give sb a fine

    polvo 5), vistazo
    14) [+ tiempo]
    15) * [en cine, televisión] to show

    echaron un programa sobre Einstein — there was a programme about Einstein on, they showed a programme about Einstein

    ¿qué echan en el cine? — what's on at the cinema?

    16) [+ cimientos] to lay
    17) (Zool) [para procrear]
    18) Caribe, Cono Sur (=azuzar) [+ animal] to urge on
    2.
    VERBO INTRANSITIVO (=tirar)

    ¡echa [para] adelante! — lead on!

    es un olor que echa para atrás* it's a smell that really knocks you back *

    echar [por] una calle — to go down a street

    echar a ({+ infin})

    echar a correr — to break into a run, start running

    echar a reír — to burst out laughing, start laughing

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (lanzar, tirar) to throw

    echaron el ancla/la red — they cast anchor/their net

    echar de menos algo/a alguien — to miss something/somebody

    b) ( soltar)
    c) (Jueg) < carta> to play, put down
    2) ( expulsar) < persona> ( de trabajo) to fire (colloq), to sack (BrE colloq); (de bar, teatro) to throw... out; ( de colegio) to expel
    3) < carta> to mail (AmE), to post (BrE)
    4)
    a) (pasar, correr) < cortinas> to pull, draw

    ¿echaste el cerrojo? — did you bolt the door?

    b) ( mover)

    lo echó para atrásshe pushed (o moved etc) it backward(s)

    5) (expeler, despedir) <olor, humo, chispas> to give off
    6) ( producir)
    a) < hojas> to sprout
    b) < dientes> to cut

    estás echando barriga — (fam) you're getting a bit of a tummy (colloq)

    7)
    a) ( poner) <leña/carbón> to put; < gasolina> to put in

    ¿le echas azúcar al café? — do you take sugar in your coffee?

    échale valor y díselo — (fam) just pluck up your courage and tell him

    b) (servir, dar) to give

    ¿te echo más salsa? — do you want some more sauce?

    8)
    a) (decir, dirigir) <sermón/discurso> (+ me/te/le etc)

    me echó un sermón — (fam) he gave me a real talking-to (colloq)

    b) (fam) ( imponer) <condena/multa> (+ me/te/le etc) to give

    le echaron una multa — he got a fine, they gave him a fine

    9) (fam) ( calcular) (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿cuántos años me echas? — how old do you think I am?

    de aquí a tu casa échale una horait's o it takes about an hour from here to your house

    10) (Esp fam) (dar, exhibir) <programa/película> to show

    ¿qué echan en la tele? — what's on TV?

    11) <cigarillo/trago> to have

    echarle la culpa a alguiento put o lay the blame on somebody

    12)

    echar abajo< edificio> to pull down; < gobierno> to bring down; < proyecto> to destroy; < esperanzas> to dash; < moral> to undermine

    2.
    echar vi
    1) ( empezar)

    echar a + inf — to start o begin to + inf, start o begin -ing

    echó a correrhe started to run o started running

    2) ( dirigirse)
    3)

    echar para adelante or (fam) p'alante: echa para adelante un poco go forward a little; echa p'alante, que ya llegamos — keep going, we're nearly there

    3.
    1) echarse v pron
    2)
    a) (tirarse, arrojarse) to throw oneself

    echarse a perder comida to go bad, go off (BrE); cosecha/proyecto/plan to be ruined

    b) (tumbarse, acostarse) to lie down
    c) (apartarse, moverse) (+ compl)

    echárselas — (Chi fam)

    d) aves to brood
    3)
    a) ( ponerse) to put on
    b) (Esp fam) <novio/novia>

    se ha echado noviahe's found o got himself a girlfriend

    c) (Méx fam) ( beberse) to drink
    4) ( expulsar)
    5) (Méx fam) ( romper) to break

    echarse a alguien — (Méx fam) to bump somebody off (colloq)

    6) (Col fam) ( tardar) <horas/días> to take
    7) ( empezar) echar 1)
    * * *
    = throw, pour (in/into), toss, sack, give + Nombre + the boot, boot (out), give + Nombre + the sack, send + Nombre + packing, turf out, give off, billow out, spout.
    Ex. The point to be made for the novice abstractor is that editors are not ghouls who must be thrown raw meat before a check is issued.
    Ex. The water of the stuff poured into the middle of the cylinder through its wire-mesh cover, and was immediately pumped out from one end leaving a film of fibres on the surface.
    Ex. Everything being online, the exquisite oaken cabinets housing the card files were tossed.
    Ex. The author warns that shortsighted companies that believe all the information they need is on the Web may sack information professionals.
    Ex. He was given the boot for being discovered with a camera taking a photo of hula dancers.
    Ex. As Hartwick got older, the feds decided he was a major security risk and booted him out of the program.
    Ex. Justin pointed out that the government would not compromise and those found protecting illegal immigrants would be given the sack.
    Ex. Those who hold this view argued that the state government lacks the political will to send them packing for good.
    Ex. You will be disliked and turfed out as a sacrificial goat once your job is done but there will be many others queuing up for your services.
    Ex. Once the fronds have given off their spores, they die and can be cut back.
    Ex. Nearly everyone has seen a factory's smokestack billowing out black sooty smoke that dirties the air and blackens buildings.
    Ex. The weather cleared enough that we could get in to the volcanic islands (still spouting plumes of smoke) by copter in safety.
    ----
    * culpa + echar a + Nombre = blame + lay + at the feet of + Nombre.
    * echando hostias = like the clappers.
    * echando mecha = like the clappers.
    * echar a Alguien de un Lugar = send + Nombre + on + Posesivo + way.
    * echar a andar = implement, leg it.
    * echar abajo = knock down.
    * echar a correr = bolt, make + a bolt for, take off + running, take to + Posesivo + heels, run off.
    * echar a la calle = evict, throw + Nombre + out.
    * echar Algo por tierra = blow + Nombre + out of the water.
    * echar amarras = moor.
    * echar anclas = drop + anchor.
    * echar a perder = ruin, bungle, bring out + the worst in, cast + a blight on, blight, go off.
    * echar a pique = scuttle.
    * echar a suerte = draw + lots.
    * echar a un lado = push aside.
    * echar a volar = take + flight.
    * echar brotes = bud, sprout.
    * echar chispas = fume, froth at + the mouth.
    * echar chispas por los ojos = glower, scowl (at).
    * echar coraje = pluck up + courage, gather up + courage.
    * echar de menos = miss.
    * echar dentro de = throw into.
    * echar el ancla = drop + anchor.
    * echar el candado = padlock.
    * echar en cara = fault.
    * echar espuma por la boca = froth at + the mouth.
    * echar espumarajos por la boca = froth at + the mouth.
    * echar fuera = throw + Nombre + out.
    * echar gasolina = pump + gas.
    * echar hojas = leaf out.
    * echar humo = blow + smoke, fume, steam, smoulder [smolder, -USA], froth at + the mouth.
    * echar humo por las orejas = go + berserk, go + postal, work up + a lather.
    * echar la bola a rodar = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling.
    * echar la culpa = place + blame, fault.
    * echarle el ojo a = eye.
    * echarle la culpa a = put + the blame on.
    * echar leña al fuego = pour + oil on the flames.
    * echarle una mano a = bat for, go to + bat for.
    * echar los dientes = cut + Posesivo + teeth.
    * echar los postigos = shutter.
    * echarlo todo a perder = upset + the applecart.
    * echarlo todo a rodar = upset + the applecart.
    * echarlo todo por tierra = upset + the applecart.
    * echar mano a/de = leverage.
    * echar mano a los ahorros = dip into + savings.
    * echar mano de = fall back on, call into + play.
    * echar marcha atrás = do + an about-face, back out, back up.
    * echar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * echar muchísimo de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * echar muchísimo en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * echar mucho de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * echar mucho en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * echar poco a poco = dribble.
    * echar por alto = bungle.
    * echar por encima = top with.
    * echar por la borda = go by + the board, jettison.
    * echar por tierra = scupper, blight, cast + a blight on.
    * echar por tierra las ilusiones = shatter + Posesivo + hopes.
    * echar por tierra los planes de Alguien = spike + Posesivo + guns.
    * echar por tierra una idea = crush + idea.
    * echar + Posesivo + planes a perder = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.
    * echar raíces = settle down, root.
    * echar sal = salt.
    * echar sal en la herida = add + salt to injury, add + salt to the wound, add + insult to injury, rub + salt in the wound.
    * echarse = stretch out, lie down.
    * echarse a la calle = take to + the road, take to + the streets.
    * echarse a la calles = spill (out) into + the streets.
    * echarse a temblar con sólo pensar en = shudder at + the thought of.
    * echarse atrás = draw back, draw back, chicken out (on/of), back out, get + cold feet, backpedal [back-pedal].
    * echarse encima de = bear down on.
    * echarse flores = blow + Posesivo + own trumpet.
    * écharsele a Uno el día encima = make + hay while the sun shines.
    * echarse una cabezada = get + forty winks, get + some shut-eye, snatch + some shut-eye, grab + some shut-eye, snatch + forty winks, grab + forty winks, take + forty winks.
    * echarse una cabezadita = get + forty winks, get + some shut-eye, snatch + some shut-eye, grab + some shut-eye, snatch + forty winks, grab + forty winks, take + forty winks.
    * echarse una cana al aire = have + a fling.
    * echarse una canita al aire = have + a fling.
    * echarse una siesta = take + a nap, nap, napping, kip.
    * echarse un duelo = duel.
    * echarse un pulso = arm wrestling.
    * echarse un sueñecito = get + forty winks, get + some shut-eye, snatch + some shut-eye, grab + some shut-eye, snatch + forty winks, grab + forty winks, take + forty winks.
    * echarse un trago = tipple.
    * echar suertes = draw + lots.
    * echar toda la carne en el asador = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket, shoot (for) + the moon, go for + broke.
    * echar una bronca = tell + Nombe + off, give + Nombre + a dressing-down, give + Nombre + a telling-off, chew + Nombre + up.
    * echar una buena bronca = give + Nombre + a good roasting.
    * echar una cana al aire = kick up + Posesivo + heels.
    * echar una cana al aire antes de sentar la cabeza = sow + Posesivo + wild oats.
    * echar una cana al aire cuando joven = sow + Posesivo + wild oats.
    * echar una canica al aire = disport + Reflexivo.
    * echar una mano = lend + a (helping) hand, put + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, set + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, muck in, pitch in.
    * echar una mano a Alguien = give + Nombre + a hand.
    * echar una meada = take + a leak, have + a leak.
    * echar una mirada = take + a look at, take + a peek, peek, have + a look, cast + a glance over, look through, glance at, take + a gander.
    * echar una mirada furtiva a = steal + a glance at.
    * echar una mirada mortal = look + daggers at.
    * echar una ojeada = look through, glance at, peek, take + a peek, take + a look at, take + a gander.
    * echar una ojeada a = cast + a glance over.
    * echar un cana al aire = one-night stand.
    * echar un casquete = fuck, screw, get + laid.
    * echar un chorro de = squirt.
    * echar un conjuro = cast + a (magic) spell.
    * echar un ojo = keep + an eye on, have + a look.
    * echar un polvo = fuck, screw, get + laid.
    * echar un rapapolvo = tell + Nombe + off, give + Nombre + a dressing-down, give + Nombre + a telling-off, chew + Nombre + up.
    * echar un tupido velo sobre = draw + a veil over.
    * echar un vistazo = take + a look at, glance at, check out, peek, have + a look, take + a peek, cast + a glance over, look through, browse, peruse, take + a gander.
    * echar valor = pluck up + courage, muster (up) + (the) courage, gather up + courage.
    * echar vino = pour + wine.
    * la suerte estaba echada = the die was cast, the die had been cast.
    * la suerte está echada = the die is cast.
    * para echar sal en la herida = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * planta que echa flores = bloomer.
    * salir a echarse un cigarro = go out for + a smoke.
    * salir echando leches = bolt, take off, make + a bolt for, dash off, shoot off.
    * ser demasiado tarde para echar atrás = reach + the point of no return.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (lanzar, tirar) to throw

    echaron el ancla/la red — they cast anchor/their net

    echar de menos algo/a alguien — to miss something/somebody

    b) ( soltar)
    c) (Jueg) < carta> to play, put down
    2) ( expulsar) < persona> ( de trabajo) to fire (colloq), to sack (BrE colloq); (de bar, teatro) to throw... out; ( de colegio) to expel
    3) < carta> to mail (AmE), to post (BrE)
    4)
    a) (pasar, correr) < cortinas> to pull, draw

    ¿echaste el cerrojo? — did you bolt the door?

    b) ( mover)

    lo echó para atrásshe pushed (o moved etc) it backward(s)

    5) (expeler, despedir) <olor, humo, chispas> to give off
    6) ( producir)
    a) < hojas> to sprout
    b) < dientes> to cut

    estás echando barriga — (fam) you're getting a bit of a tummy (colloq)

    7)
    a) ( poner) <leña/carbón> to put; < gasolina> to put in

    ¿le echas azúcar al café? — do you take sugar in your coffee?

    échale valor y díselo — (fam) just pluck up your courage and tell him

    b) (servir, dar) to give

    ¿te echo más salsa? — do you want some more sauce?

    8)
    a) (decir, dirigir) <sermón/discurso> (+ me/te/le etc)

    me echó un sermón — (fam) he gave me a real talking-to (colloq)

    b) (fam) ( imponer) <condena/multa> (+ me/te/le etc) to give

    le echaron una multa — he got a fine, they gave him a fine

    9) (fam) ( calcular) (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿cuántos años me echas? — how old do you think I am?

    de aquí a tu casa échale una horait's o it takes about an hour from here to your house

    10) (Esp fam) (dar, exhibir) <programa/película> to show

    ¿qué echan en la tele? — what's on TV?

    11) <cigarillo/trago> to have

    echarle la culpa a alguiento put o lay the blame on somebody

    12)

    echar abajo< edificio> to pull down; < gobierno> to bring down; < proyecto> to destroy; < esperanzas> to dash; < moral> to undermine

    2.
    echar vi
    1) ( empezar)

    echar a + inf — to start o begin to + inf, start o begin -ing

    echó a correrhe started to run o started running

    2) ( dirigirse)
    3)

    echar para adelante or (fam) p'alante: echa para adelante un poco go forward a little; echa p'alante, que ya llegamos — keep going, we're nearly there

    3.
    1) echarse v pron
    2)
    a) (tirarse, arrojarse) to throw oneself

    echarse a perder comida to go bad, go off (BrE); cosecha/proyecto/plan to be ruined

    b) (tumbarse, acostarse) to lie down
    c) (apartarse, moverse) (+ compl)

    echárselas — (Chi fam)

    d) aves to brood
    3)
    a) ( ponerse) to put on
    b) (Esp fam) <novio/novia>

    se ha echado noviahe's found o got himself a girlfriend

    c) (Méx fam) ( beberse) to drink
    4) ( expulsar)
    5) (Méx fam) ( romper) to break

    echarse a alguien — (Méx fam) to bump somebody off (colloq)

    6) (Col fam) ( tardar) <horas/días> to take
    7) ( empezar) echar 1)
    * * *
    = throw, pour (in/into), toss, sack, give + Nombre + the boot, boot (out), give + Nombre + the sack, send + Nombre + packing, turf out, give off, billow out, spout.

    Ex: The point to be made for the novice abstractor is that editors are not ghouls who must be thrown raw meat before a check is issued.

    Ex: The water of the stuff poured into the middle of the cylinder through its wire-mesh cover, and was immediately pumped out from one end leaving a film of fibres on the surface.
    Ex: Everything being online, the exquisite oaken cabinets housing the card files were tossed.
    Ex: The author warns that shortsighted companies that believe all the information they need is on the Web may sack information professionals.
    Ex: He was given the boot for being discovered with a camera taking a photo of hula dancers.
    Ex: As Hartwick got older, the feds decided he was a major security risk and booted him out of the program.
    Ex: Justin pointed out that the government would not compromise and those found protecting illegal immigrants would be given the sack.
    Ex: Those who hold this view argued that the state government lacks the political will to send them packing for good.
    Ex: You will be disliked and turfed out as a sacrificial goat once your job is done but there will be many others queuing up for your services.
    Ex: Once the fronds have given off their spores, they die and can be cut back.
    Ex: Nearly everyone has seen a factory's smokestack billowing out black sooty smoke that dirties the air and blackens buildings.
    Ex: The weather cleared enough that we could get in to the volcanic islands (still spouting plumes of smoke) by copter in safety.
    * culpa + echar a + Nombre = blame + lay + at the feet of + Nombre.
    * echando hostias = like the clappers.
    * echando mecha = like the clappers.
    * echar a Alguien de un Lugar = send + Nombre + on + Posesivo + way.
    * echar a andar = implement, leg it.
    * echar abajo = knock down.
    * echar a correr = bolt, make + a bolt for, take off + running, take to + Posesivo + heels, run off.
    * echar a la calle = evict, throw + Nombre + out.
    * echar Algo por tierra = blow + Nombre + out of the water.
    * echar amarras = moor.
    * echar anclas = drop + anchor.
    * echar a perder = ruin, bungle, bring out + the worst in, cast + a blight on, blight, go off.
    * echar a pique = scuttle.
    * echar a suerte = draw + lots.
    * echar a un lado = push aside.
    * echar a volar = take + flight.
    * echar brotes = bud, sprout.
    * echar chispas = fume, froth at + the mouth.
    * echar chispas por los ojos = glower, scowl (at).
    * echar coraje = pluck up + courage, gather up + courage.
    * echar de menos = miss.
    * echar dentro de = throw into.
    * echar el ancla = drop + anchor.
    * echar el candado = padlock.
    * echar en cara = fault.
    * echar espuma por la boca = froth at + the mouth.
    * echar espumarajos por la boca = froth at + the mouth.
    * echar fuera = throw + Nombre + out.
    * echar gasolina = pump + gas.
    * echar hojas = leaf out.
    * echar humo = blow + smoke, fume, steam, smoulder [smolder, -USA], froth at + the mouth.
    * echar humo por las orejas = go + berserk, go + postal, work up + a lather.
    * echar la bola a rodar = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling.
    * echar la culpa = place + blame, fault.
    * echarle el ojo a = eye.
    * echarle la culpa a = put + the blame on.
    * echar leña al fuego = pour + oil on the flames.
    * echarle una mano a = bat for, go to + bat for.
    * echar los dientes = cut + Posesivo + teeth.
    * echar los postigos = shutter.
    * echarlo todo a perder = upset + the applecart.
    * echarlo todo a rodar = upset + the applecart.
    * echarlo todo por tierra = upset + the applecart.
    * echar mano a/de = leverage.
    * echar mano a los ahorros = dip into + savings.
    * echar mano de = fall back on, call into + play.
    * echar marcha atrás = do + an about-face, back out, back up.
    * echar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * echar muchísimo de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * echar muchísimo en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * echar mucho de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * echar mucho en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * echar poco a poco = dribble.
    * echar por alto = bungle.
    * echar por encima = top with.
    * echar por la borda = go by + the board, jettison.
    * echar por tierra = scupper, blight, cast + a blight on.
    * echar por tierra las ilusiones = shatter + Posesivo + hopes.
    * echar por tierra los planes de Alguien = spike + Posesivo + guns.
    * echar por tierra una idea = crush + idea.
    * echar + Posesivo + planes a perder = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.
    * echar raíces = settle down, root.
    * echar sal = salt.
    * echar sal en la herida = add + salt to injury, add + salt to the wound, add + insult to injury, rub + salt in the wound.
    * echarse = stretch out, lie down.
    * echarse a la calle = take to + the road, take to + the streets.
    * echarse a la calles = spill (out) into + the streets.
    * echarse a temblar con sólo pensar en = shudder at + the thought of.
    * echarse atrás = draw back, draw back, chicken out (on/of), back out, get + cold feet, backpedal [back-pedal].
    * echarse encima de = bear down on.
    * echarse flores = blow + Posesivo + own trumpet.
    * écharsele a Uno el día encima = make + hay while the sun shines.
    * echarse una cabezada = get + forty winks, get + some shut-eye, snatch + some shut-eye, grab + some shut-eye, snatch + forty winks, grab + forty winks, take + forty winks.
    * echarse una cabezadita = get + forty winks, get + some shut-eye, snatch + some shut-eye, grab + some shut-eye, snatch + forty winks, grab + forty winks, take + forty winks.
    * echarse una cana al aire = have + a fling.
    * echarse una canita al aire = have + a fling.
    * echarse una siesta = take + a nap, nap, napping, kip.
    * echarse un duelo = duel.
    * echarse un pulso = arm wrestling.
    * echarse un sueñecito = get + forty winks, get + some shut-eye, snatch + some shut-eye, grab + some shut-eye, snatch + forty winks, grab + forty winks, take + forty winks.
    * echarse un trago = tipple.
    * echar suertes = draw + lots.
    * echar toda la carne en el asador = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket, shoot (for) + the moon, go for + broke.
    * echar una bronca = tell + Nombe + off, give + Nombre + a dressing-down, give + Nombre + a telling-off, chew + Nombre + up.
    * echar una buena bronca = give + Nombre + a good roasting.
    * echar una cana al aire = kick up + Posesivo + heels.
    * echar una cana al aire antes de sentar la cabeza = sow + Posesivo + wild oats.
    * echar una cana al aire cuando joven = sow + Posesivo + wild oats.
    * echar una canica al aire = disport + Reflexivo.
    * echar una mano = lend + a (helping) hand, put + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, set + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, muck in, pitch in.
    * echar una mano a Alguien = give + Nombre + a hand.
    * echar una meada = take + a leak, have + a leak.
    * echar una mirada = take + a look at, take + a peek, peek, have + a look, cast + a glance over, look through, glance at, take + a gander.
    * echar una mirada furtiva a = steal + a glance at.
    * echar una mirada mortal = look + daggers at.
    * echar una ojeada = look through, glance at, peek, take + a peek, take + a look at, take + a gander.
    * echar una ojeada a = cast + a glance over.
    * echar un cana al aire = one-night stand.
    * echar un casquete = fuck, screw, get + laid.
    * echar un chorro de = squirt.
    * echar un conjuro = cast + a (magic) spell.
    * echar un ojo = keep + an eye on, have + a look.
    * echar un polvo = fuck, screw, get + laid.
    * echar un rapapolvo = tell + Nombe + off, give + Nombre + a dressing-down, give + Nombre + a telling-off, chew + Nombre + up.
    * echar un tupido velo sobre = draw + a veil over.
    * echar un vistazo = take + a look at, glance at, check out, peek, have + a look, take + a peek, cast + a glance over, look through, browse, peruse, take + a gander.
    * echar valor = pluck up + courage, muster (up) + (the) courage, gather up + courage.
    * echar vino = pour + wine.
    * la suerte estaba echada = the die was cast, the die had been cast.
    * la suerte está echada = the die is cast.
    * para echar sal en la herida = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * planta que echa flores = bloomer.
    * salir a echarse un cigarro = go out for + a smoke.
    * salir echando leches = bolt, take off, make + a bolt for, dash off, shoot off.
    * ser demasiado tarde para echar atrás = reach + the point of no return.

    * * *
    echar [A1 ]
    ■ echar (verbo transitivo)
    A
    1 lanzar, tirar
    2 soltar
    3 Juegos: cartas
    B expulsar: persona
    C echar: carta
    D
    1 pasar, correr
    2 mover
    E despedir: humo
    F
    1 echar: hojas
    2 echar: dientes
    A
    1 poner
    2 servir, dar
    B
    1 dirigir: sermón, discurso
    2 imponer
    C calcular
    D dar: programa, película
    E pasar: tiempo
    Sentido III con sustantivos
    A echar abajo
    B echar de ver
    ■ echar (verbo intransitivo)
    A empezar
    B dirigirse
    C echar para adelante
    ■ echarse (verbo pronominal)
    A
    1 tirarse, arrojarse
    2 tumbarse, acostarse
    3 apartarse, moverse
    B
    1 ponerse
    2 echarse novio/novia
    3 tragarse
    C expulsar
    D romper
    E tardar
    Sentido II echarse a + infinitivo
    vt
    A
    1 (lanzar, tirar) to throw
    echó la botella por la ventanilla she threw the bottle out of the window
    lo eché a la basura I threw it out o away
    echó la moneda al aire he tossed the coin
    echó una piedra al agua she threw a stone into the water
    échame la pelota throw me the ball, throw the ball to me
    echaron el ancla they cast their anchor o dropped anchor
    echó la red he cast his net
    echó la cabeza hacia atrás she threw her head back
    echó la mano a la pistola he grabbed o made a grab for his gun
    le echó los brazos al cuello she threw her arms around his neck
    echar algo a perder ‹sorpresa/preparativos› to spoil sth, ruin sth
    ha luchado tanto y ahora lo echa todo a perder he's fought so hard and now he's throwing it all away
    la helada echó a perder la cosecha the frost ruined the harvest
    echar de menos algo/a algn to miss sth/sb
    ¿cuándo lo echaste de menos? when did you miss it o realize it was missing?
    te echo mucho de menos I really miss you, I miss you terribly
    2
    (soltar): les echaron los perros they set the dogs on them
    echó el semental a la yegua he put the mare to the stud
    3 ( Juegos) ‹carta› to play, put down
    echarle las cartas a algn to read sb's cards
    B (expulsar) ‹persona› (de un trabajo) to fire ( colloq), to sack ( BrE colloq); (de un bar, teatro) to throw … out; (de un colegio) to expel
    me echaron (del trabajo) I was fired, I got the sack ( BrE)
    me echó de casa he threw o turned me out (of the house)
    entre dos camareros lo echaron a la calle two of the waiters threw him out
    C ‹carta› to mail ( AmE), to post ( BrE)
    D
    1 (pasar, correr) ‹cortinas› to pull, draw
    la persiana estaba echada the blinds were down
    ¿echaste el cerrojo? did you bolt the door?
    2
    (mover): échalo a un lado push it to one side
    lo echó para atrás she pushed ( o moved etc) it backward(s)
    E
    (expeler, despedir): echaba espuma por la boca he was foaming at the mouth
    el motor echa mucho humo there's a lot of smoke coming from the engine
    el volcán echaba humo y lava the volcano was belching out smoke and lava
    ¡qué peste echa esa fábrica! ( fam); what a stink that factory gives off! ( colloq)
    chispa2 (↑ chispa (2))
    1 ‹hojas› to sprout
    la planta ya está echando flores the plant is already flowering
    2 ‹dientes› to cut
    estás echando barriga ( fam); you're getting a bit of a tummy ( colloq)
    A
    1 (poner) to put
    le echaste mucha sal a la sopa you put too much salt in the soup
    ¿cuánto azúcar le echas al café? how many sugars do you take in your coffee?
    echa esa camisa a la ropa sucia put that shirt in with the dirty laundry, put that shirt out for the wash
    echa más leña al fuego put some more wood on the fire
    ¿qué te echaron los Reyes? ( Esp); ≈ what did Santa bring you?
    échale valor y díselo ( fam); just pluck up your courage and tell him
    2 (servir, dar) to give
    échame un poquito de vino can you pour o give me a little wine?
    ¿te echo más salsa? do you want some more sauce?
    tengo que echarles de comer a los niños ( fam hum); I have to feed the children, I have to get the children's dinner ( o lunch etc)
    lo que me/le echen ( Esp fam): yo, de trabajo, lo que me echen I'll do whatever needs doing ( colloq)
    éste come lo que le echen he'll eat whatever's put in front of him ( colloq)
    B
    1 (dirigir) ‹sermón/discurso› (+ me/te/le etc):
    me echó un sermón por llegar tarde ( fam); he gave me a real talking-to for being late ( colloq)
    nos echó un discurso de dos horas ( fam); she gave us a two-hour lecture ( colloq)
    le echó una maldición she put a curse on him
    2 ( fam) (imponer) ‹condena/multa› (+ me/te/le etc) to give
    le echaron una multa he was fined, they gave him a fine, he got a fine
    me echaron dos años I got two years ( colloq)
    C ( fam) (calcular) (+ me/te/le etc):
    ¿cuántos años me echas? how old do you think I am?
    le echo 20 años I'd say he was 20, I'd put him at 20 ( colloq)
    ¿cuánto te costó? — ¿cuánto le echas? how much did it cost you? — how much do you think? o have a guess
    de aquí a tu casa échale una media hora it's o it takes about half an hour from here to your house
    D ( Esp fam) (dar, exhibir) ‹programa/película› to show
    ¿qué echan en el Imperial? what are they showing at the Imperial?, what's on at the Imperial?
    ¿qué echan en la tele esta noche? what's on TV tonight?
    E ( Esp fam) (pasar) ‹tiempo› to spend
    echamos un rato agradable con ellos we spent o had a pleasant few hours with them
    echar un cigarrillo ( fam); to have a cigarette
    echar una firma ( fam); to sign
    echar el freno to put the brake on
    me echó una mirada furibunda she gave o threw me a furious look
    echaron unas manos de póquer they played o had a few hands of poker
    A
    echar abajo ‹edificio› to pull down;
    ‹gobierno› to bring down; ‹proyecto› to destroy; ‹esperanzas› to dash
    nos echó abajo la moral it undermined our morale
    echaron la puerta abajo they broke the door down
    B
    echar de ver to notice, realize
    se echa de ver que está muy triste it's obvious that o you can see that she's not very happy
    ■ echar
    vi
    A (empezar) echar A + INF to start o begin to + INF, start o begin -ING
    al ver que lo seguían echó a correr when he saw they were following him he started to run o started running o broke into a run
    echó a andar sin esperarnos he set off without waiting for us
    el motor echó a andar a la primera the engine started (the) first time
    las palomas echaron a volar the doves flew off
    B
    (dirigirse): echó calle abajo she went off down the street
    echa por aquí a ver si podemos aparcar go down here to see if we can find a place to park
    echaron por la primera calle a la derecha they took the first street on the right
    C
    echar para adelante or ( fam) p'alante: echa para adelante un poco, si no vas a bloquear la salida del garaje go forward a little, or else you'll block the garage exit
    echa p'alante y verás cómo te sale bien go for it! everything will turn out all right, you'll see ( colloq)
    echa p'alante, que ya llegamos keep going, we're nearly there
    A
    1 (tirarse, arrojarse) to throw oneself
    nos echamos al suelo we threw ourselves to the ground
    se echó en sus brazos she threw o flung herself into his arms
    se echó de cabeza al agua she dived into the water
    la noche se nos echó encima night fell suddenly, it was night before we knew it
    echarse a perder «comida» to go bad, go off ( BrE);
    «proyecto/preparativos» to be ruined
    se me echó a perder el televisor my television's broken
    era muy bonita pero se ha echado a perder she used to be very pretty but she's lost her looks
    desde que se ha juntado con ellos se ha echado a perder since he started hanging out with them he's gone off the rails ( colloq)
    2 (tumbarse, acostarse) to lie down
    se echó en la cama he lay down on the bed
    me voy a echar un rato I'm going to lie down for a while, I'm going to have a lie-down ( BrE)
    3 (apartarse, moverse) (+ compl):
    se echó a un lado she moved to one side
    me tuve que echar a la cuneta I had to go off the edge of the road
    échate para allá y nos podremos sentar todos if you move over that way a bit we can all sit down
    echarse atrás to back out
    dijo que iba a venir, pero luego se echó atrás she said she was going to come, but then she changed her mind o pulled out o backed out
    cuando vieron que iba a ser difícil se echaron atrás when they saw that it was going to be difficult, they got cold feet o backed out
    echárselas ( Chi fam): el jefe no le quiso pagar más y se las echó the boss didn't want to pay him any more so he upped and left ( colloq)
    se las echó cerro arriba he went off up the hill
    echárselas de algo ( fam): se las echa de culto he likes to think he's cultured
    se las echa de gran conocedor de vinos he claims to be o makes out he is a bit of a wine connoisseur, he likes to think of himself as o ( BrE) he fancies himself as a bit of a wine connoisseur ( colloq)
    B
    1 (ponerse) to put on
    échate crema o te quemarás con este sol put some cream on or you'll burn in this sun
    se echó el abrigo por los hombros she threw the coat around her shoulders
    2 ( fam) ‹novio/novia›
    se ha echado novia he's found o got himself a girlfriend
    3 ( Méx fam) (tragarse) to drink
    C (expulsar) ‹pedo›
    ¿quién se ha echado un pedo? who's let off o farted? ( colloq)
    D ( Méx fam) (romper) to break
    echarse a algn al plato ( Méx fam); to bump sb off ( colloq)
    E ( Col fam) (tardar) ‹horas/días› to take
    Sentido II (empezar) echarse A + INF to start -ING o start to + INF
    se echó a llorar he started crying o to cry, he burst into tears
    se echaron a reír they started laughing o to laugh, they burst out laughing
    se echó a correr cuesta abajo he ran o he set off at a run down the hill
    sólo de pensarlo me echo a temblar just thinking about it gives me the shivers ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    echar ( conjugate echar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (lanzar, tirar) to throw;

    lo eché a la basura I threw it out o away;

    echó la moneda al aire he tossed the coin;
    echaron el ancla/la red they cast anchor/their net;
    echó la cabeza hacia atrás she threw her head back;
    echar algo a perder to ruin sth;
    echar de menos algo/a algn to miss sth/sb
    b)



    gobierno to bring down;
    proyecto to destroy;
    esperanzas to dash;
    moral to undermine;
    puerta/vallato break … down
    2 ( expulsar) ‹ persona› ( de trabajo) to fire (colloq), to sack (BrE colloq);
    (de bar, casa) to throw … out;
    ( de colegio) to expel
    3 carta to mail (AmE), to post (BrE)
    4
    a) (pasar, correr) ‹ cortinas to pull, draw;


    ¿echaste el cerrojo? did you bolt the door?
    b) ( mover):

    lo echó para atrás/a un lado she pushed (o moved etc) it backward(s)/to one side

    5
    a) (expeler, despedir) ‹olor/humo/chispas to give off

    b) ( producir) ‹ hojas to sprout;


    1
    a) ( poner) ‹leña/carbón to put;

    gasolina to put in;
    ¿le echas azúcar al café? do you take sugar in your coffee?

    b) (servir, dar) to give;


    c) trago to have

    2
    a)sermón/discurso› (fam) (+ me/te/le etc) to give;


    b) (fam) ‹condena/multa› (+ me/te/le etc) to give;

    echarle la culpa a algn to put o lay the blame on sb

    3 (fam) ( calcular) (+ me/te/le etc):
    ¿cuántos años me echas? how old do you think I am?;

    de aquí a tu casa échale una hora it's o it takes about an hour from here to your house
    4 (Esp fam) (dar, exhibir) ‹programa/película to show
    echarse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) (tirarse, arrojarse) to throw oneself;


    echarse de cabeza al agua to dive into the water;
    echarse a perder [ comida] to go bad, go off (BrE);

    [cosecha/proyecto/plan] to be ruined
    b) (tumbarse, acostarse) to lie down

    c) (apartarse, moverse) (+ compl):


    échate un poco para allá move over that way a bit;
    echarse atrás to back out
    2
    a) ( ponerse) ‹crema/bronceador to put on

    b) cigarillo to have

    c) (Esp fam) ‹novio/novia›:

    se ha echado novia he's found o got himself a girlfriend

    d) (Méx fam) ( beberse) to drink

    3 (Méx fam) ( romper) to break
    4 (Col fam) ( tardar) ‹horas/días to take
    5 ( empezar) echarse a to start o begin to, start o begin;
    se echó a correr he started to run o started running;

    las palomas se echaron a volar the doves flew off
    echar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (por el aire) to throw: ¡echa la pelota!, throw us the ball
    2 (añadir) to put
    (una bebida) to pour
    (gasolina) to put petrol (in the car): échale más agua al caldo, put more water in the soup
    3 (despedir: humo, olor) to give off: este motor echa chispas, there are sparks coming out of this engine
    (del trabajo) to sack, fire
    (obligar a salir) to throw out: le echaron del instituto, they expelled him from school
    4 (calcular subjetivamente) to reckon: le echó más años, he thought she was older
    5 fam (un espectáculo) to show
    6 (derribar) echar abajo, (edificio) to demolish
    7 (+ sustantivo) figurado échale una ojeada a esto, have a look at this
    figurado echarle una mano a alguien, to give sb a hand
    8 echar de menos o en falta, to miss ➣ Ver nota en miss
    II vi (+ a + infinitivo) (empezar) to begin to: echó a andar, she started to walk
    de repente echó a correr, she suddenly started to run
    ' echar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    añorar
    - balón
    - bautizar
    - borda
    - botar
    - bronca
    - buenaventura
    - cabezada
    - campana
    - cana
    - capote
    - cara
    - cierre
    - correo
    - extrañar
    - falta
    - guante
    - jarra
    - jarro
    - leña
    - mano
    - mirada
    - ojo
    - olvidarse
    - papilla
    - película
    - perder
    - peste
    - polvo
    - pulso
    - resto
    - saco
    - salar
    - sapo
    - siesta
    - sortear
    - suerte
    - tierra
    - tirar
    - vista
    - vistazo
    - amarra
    - ancla
    - barriga
    - basura
    - brote
    - buzón
    - calle
    - carta
    - casa
    English:
    anchor
    - arm wrestle
    - belch
    - blame
    - boot
    - boot out
    - brake
    - browse
    - bud
    - cast
    - catapult
    - chase away
    - chuck out
    - demolish
    - dip into
    - discharge
    - door
    - doze
    - draw
    - evict
    - explode
    - eye
    - fill out
    - fire
    - forget
    - froth
    - fuel
    - fume
    - glance down
    - glance round
    - hair
    - hex
    - jettison
    - kick out
    - lace
    - launch
    - lay
    - lend
    - lie down
    - lock up
    - look
    - lot
    - mail
    - miss
    - muck up
    - peep
    - post
    - puff
    - pull apart
    - put
    * * *
    vt
    1. [tirar] to throw;
    [red] to cast;
    echar anclas, echar el ancla to drop anchor;
    échame el balón throw me the ball;
    echar algo a la basura to throw sth in the Br bin o US garbage can;
    echar una moneda al aire to toss a coin;
    échalo en la cesta de la ropa sucia put it in the dirty-clothes basket;
    echar una piedra por la ventana to throw a stone through the window;
    echar abajo [edificio] to pull down, to demolish;
    [puerta] to break down; [gobierno] to bring down; [proyecto] to ruin
    2. [meter, poner] to put;
    echa suficiente ropa en la maleta make sure you pack enough clothes in your suitcase;
    échalo en el asiento de atrás put it on the back seat;
    echa esta camisa a la lavadora put that shirt in the washing machine;
    echa una firma en esta postal sign o put your name on this postcard;
    echar leña al fuego to add fuel to the fire;
    Fam
    echar el resto: queda sólo una semana, ahora hay que echar el resto there's only a week to go, so from now on we really have to give it our all
    3. [carta, postal] to post, US to mail;
    ¿(me) podrías echar esta carta? could you post o US mail this letter (for me)?;
    echó la carta al buzón y siguió caminando he put the letter in the postbox o US mailbox and walked on;
    echar algo al correo to put sth in the post, to post sth, US to mail sth
    4. [trago, sorbo] to take, to have;
    [cigarrillo] to have
    5. [vistazo] to take, to have;
    le he echado una mirada, pero no me parece interesante I've had a look at it, but I don't think it's very interesting
    6. [mover] [parte del cuerpo]
    echa la pierna a un lado move your leg aside;
    echó la cabeza hacia atrás she threw her head back;
    echa los hombros para atrás y saca el pecho put your shoulders back and stick your chest out
    7. [añadir] [vino, agua] to pour (a o en into); [sal, azúcar] to add (a o en to);
    échame más agua, por favor could you pour me some more water, please?;
    no me eches tanta azúcar en el café don't put so much sugar in my coffee
    8. [dar] [comida, bebida] to give;
    echa alpiste al canario give the canary some birdseed;
    hay que echar agua a las plantas we need to water the plants;
    Fam
    lo que me/te/le etc[m5]. echen: [m5] Alberto come lo que le echen Alberto will eat whatever you put in front of him;
    es un hombre muy paciente, aguanta lo que le eches he's a very patient man, he puts up with anything you can throw at him
    9. [decir] [discurso, sermón] to give;
    [reprimenda] to dish out; [piropo, cumplido] to pay;
    echar una maldición a alguien to put a curse on sb;
    Fam
    le echaron una bronca por llegar tarde they told her off for arriving late;
    me echó en cara que no le hubiera ayudado she reproached me for not helping her
    10. [humo, vapor, chispas] to give off, to emit;
    la fábrica echa mucho humo a la atmósfera the factory pours out a lot of smoke into the atmosphere;
    Fam
    está que echa humo he's fuming;
    Fam
    echar pestes o Méx [m5]madres: volvió de vacaciones echando pestes o Méx [m5] madres del lugar she came back from her Br holiday o US vacation cursing the place where she had stayed
    11. [hojas, flores] to sprout, to shoot;
    [raíces, pelo, barba] to begin to grow; [diente] to cut;
    los almendros están echando flores the almond trees are beginning to flower;
    está empezando a echar los dientes she's beginning to cut her teeth;
    Fam
    en los últimos meses ha echado mucha barriga he's developed quite a paunch over the past few months
    12. [expulsar]
    echar a alguien (de) to throw sb out (of);
    le han echado del partido he's been expelled from the party;
    le echaron de clase por hablar con un compañero he was thrown o sent out of the class for talking to a friend
    13. [despedir]
    echar a alguien (de) to fire o sack sb (from);
    ¡que lo echen! fire him!, sack him!, kick him out!
    14. [accionar]
    echar la llave/el cerrojo to lock/bolt the door;
    echar el freno to brake, to put the brakes on;
    Fam Fig
    ¡echa el freno! ¿estás seguro de que podemos pagarlo? hold your horses, are you sure we can afford it?
    15. [acostar] to lie (down);
    ¿has echado al bebé? have you put the baby to bed?
    16. [tiempo]
    le he echado dos semanas a este proyecto I've taken two weeks over this project, I've spent two weeks on this project;
    echaron dos horas en llegar a Bogotá it took them two hours to get to Bogotá
    17. [calcular]
    ¿cuántos años le echas? how old do you reckon he is?;
    siempre me echan años de menos people always think I'm younger than I really am;
    échale que de aquí a Málaga haya 600 kilómetros let's say it's about 600 kilometres from here to Malaga
    18. [naipe, partida] to play;
    te echo una carrera I'll race you;
    ¿echamos un dominó? shall we have a game of dominoes?
    19. [buenaventura] to tell;
    echar las cartas a alguien to read sb's fortune [from the cards]
    20. [emplear]
    le echó muchas ganas al asunto he went about it with a will;
    le echan mucha ilusión a todo lo que hacen they put a lot of enthusiasm into everything they do;
    échale más brío al pedaleo put a bit more energy into the pedalling;
    los ladrones le echaron mucho ingenio the thieves showed a lot of ingenuity
    21. Fam [sentencia]
    le echaron diez años he got ten years
    22. Fam [documento]
    tengo que ir a echar una instancia al Ministerio I've got to go and hand in a form at the ministry
    23. Esp Fam [en televisión, cine, teatro] to show;
    ¿qué echan esta noche en la tele? what's on TV o Br telly tonight?;
    ¿qué echan en el Rialto? what's on o showing at the Rialto?;
    echan una película de acción they're showing an action movie
    24. Am [animales] to urge on
    25. [otras contrucciones]
    echar a perder algo [vestido, alimentos, plan] to ruin sth;
    [ocasión] to waste sth;
    no puedes echar todo a perder, después de tanto esfuerzo you can't just throw it all away after all that effort;
    echar algo a cara o cruz to toss (a coin) for sth;
    echar algo a suertes to draw lots for sth;
    echar de menos to miss;
    le echa mucho de menos he misses her a lot;
    echo de menos mi casa I miss my house;
    Chile
    echarlas to run away;
    echar algo por tierra to put paid to sth, to ruin sth;
    vi
    1. [encaminarse]
    echar por la calle arriba to go o head up the street;
    echar por la derecha to go (to the) right
    2. [empezar]
    echar a andar to set off;
    echar a correr to break into a run;
    echar a llorar to burst into tears;
    echar a reír to burst out laughing;
    echar a volar to fly off
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 ( lanzar) throw; de un lugar throw out;
    lo han echado del trabajo he’s been fired;
    echar abajo pull down, destroy
    2 humo give off
    3 ( poner) put
    4 carta mail, Br tb
    post
    5
    :
    echar la culpa a alguien blame s.o., put the blame on s.o.;
    me echó 40 años he thought I was 40
    II v/i
    :
    echar a start to, begin to;
    echar a correr start o begin to run, start running
    * * *
    echar vt
    1) lanzar: to throw, to cast, to hurl
    2) expulsar: to throw out, to expel
    3) emitir: to emit, give off
    4) brotar: to sprout, to put forth
    5) despedir: to fire, to dismiss
    6) : to put in, to add
    7)
    echar a perder : to spoil, to ruin
    8)
    echar de menos : to miss
    echan de menos a su madre: they miss their mother
    echar vi
    1) : to start off
    2)
    echar a : to begin to
    * * *
    echar vb
    1. (tirar) to throw [pt. threw; pp. thrown]
    2. (expulsar) to expel [pt. & pp. expelled] / to throw out
    3. (poner) to put [pt. & pp. put]
    ¿has echado sal al arroz? have you put any salt in the rice?
    4. (dar) to give [pt. gave; pp. given]
    me has echado demasiado, no creo que pueda comérmelo you've given me too much I don't think I can eat it all
    5. (verter) to pour
    6. (emitir) to give out
    7. (jugar) to play / to have
    ¿echamos una partida de ajedrez? shall we have a game of chess?
    8. (proyectar) to be on
    ¿qué echan hoy en televisión? what's on television tonight?
    9. (calcular) to think [pt. & pp. thought] / to guess
    ¿cuántos años me echas? how old do you think I am?

    Spanish-English dictionary > echar

  • 13 nuclear

    adjective
    2) (using nuclear energy or weapons) Atom-; Kern[explosion, -technik]; atomar [Antrieb, Gefechtskopf, Bedrohung, Gegenschlag, Wettrüsten]; nuklear [Abschreckungspotenzial, Sprengkörper, Streitkräfte]; atomgetrieben [Unterseeboot, Schiff]
    * * *
    ['nju:kliə]
    1) (using atomic energy: a nuclear power station; nuclear weapons.) Atom-...
    2) (of a nucleus.) Kern-...
    * * *
    nu·clear
    [ˈnju:kliəʳ, AM ˈnu:kliɚ, ˈnju:-]
    adj inv
    1. (of energy) Kern-, Atom-
    2. MIL nuklear, atomar
    \nuclear-free zone atomwaffenfreie Zone
    to go \nuclear Atomwaffen zum Einsatz bringen
    3. NUCL Kern-
    to go \nuclear ausrasten fam
    * * *
    ['njuːklɪə(r)]
    adj
    Atom-; fuel nuklear, atomar;
    * * *
    nuclear [ˈnjuːklıə(r); US auch ˈnuː-]
    A adj
    1. kernförmig, Kern…
    2. PHYS nuklear, Nuklear…; (Atom)Kern…, Atom…, atomar
    3. atomgetrieben, mit Atomantrieb, Atom…
    B s
    1. Kernwaffe f, besonders Atomrakete f
    2. POL Atom-, Nuklearmacht f
    3. Atom-, Kernkraft f
    NBC abk
    2. MIL nuclear, biological, and chemical ABC-…
    * * *
    adjective
    2) (using nuclear energy or weapons) Atom-; Kern[explosion, -technik]; atomar [Antrieb, Gefechtskopf, Bedrohung, Gegenschlag, Wettrüsten]; nuklear [Abschreckungspotenzial, Sprengkörper, Streitkräfte]; atomgetrieben [Unterseeboot, Schiff]
    * * *
    adj.
    Kern- präfix.
    nuklear adj.

    English-german dictionary > nuclear

  • 14 store

    stɔ:
    1. сущ.
    1) а) запас, резерв to have in store ≈ иметь наготове, про запас б) мн. запасы, припасы;
    имущество
    2) пакгауз, склад a decision taken in 1982 to build a store for spent fuel from submarines ≈ принятое в 1982 году решение построить склад для отработанного топлива подводных лодок
    3) магазин at, in a store ≈ в магазине She works at (in) a store. ≈ Она работает в магазине. to manage, operate, run a store ≈ управлять магазином specialty store ≈ магазин готовой одежды variety storeмаленький галантерейный магазин (часто торгует по сниженным ценам) candy store chain store clothing store company store convenience store department store discount store dry-goods store food store furniture store general store grocery store hardware store jewelry store multiple store music store retail store self-service store shoe store toy store liquor store package store Syn: shop
    4) перен. большое количество;
    изобилие He possessed a vast store of knowledge. ≈ Он обладал огромным запасом знаний. Jessica dipped into her store of theatrical anecdotes. ≈ Джессика обратилась к своему огромному запасу театральных анекдотов.
    5) значение, важность to set great store by ≈ придавать большое значение( чему-л.)
    6) компьют. запоминающее устройство, накопитель
    2. гл.
    1) снабжать, оснащать;
    наполнять Syn: supply, furnish
    2) а) хранить, сохранять б) компьют. запоминать;
    хранить
    3) запасать, откладывать (тж. store up/away)
    4) а) убирать на хранение Now it's time to store away your fur coats for the summer. ≈ Пришла пора убрать на лето ваши шубы. Syn: conserve б) отдавать на хранение, хранить на складе
    5) вмещать, аккумулировать How much energy can this battery store? ≈ Какова емкость этой батареи? запас, резерв - * of food запас провизии - * of energy имеющийся запас энергии - * of money сбережения - in * про запас;
    на будущее, в будущем - to lay in *s /a */ of smth. (for the winter) запасать что-л., делать запасы чего-л. (на зиму) - to have smth. in * иметь что-л. про запас /наготове/ - what is in * for me? что ждет меня впереди /в будущем/? - to be /to have, to hold/ in * for smb. предназначаться для кого-л.;
    готовить /сулить/ кому-л. в будущем - what the future holds in * for us что нам сулит будущее - I have a surprise in * for him у меня для него приготовлен сюрприз - I little thought of the calamity which was in * for us я и не подозревал о беде, которая нам грозила изобилие, большое количество - a * of impressions множество впечатлений - *s of learning обширность знаний, эрудиция - he exhausted his * of vile epithets он истощил свой (богатый) запас грязных ругательств pl запасы, припасы;
    имущество, материальные средства - marine *s старое корабельное имущество - war *s боеприпасы склад, пакгауз преим. (американизм) магазин - clothing * магазин готового платья - department * универмаг - village * сельская лавка - * clothes готовое платье - * goods товары, продающиеся или купленные в магазине - * prices магазинные цены - to patronize a * быть постоянным покупателем какого-л. магазина (the Stores;
    сокр. от Army and Navy Stores) большой лондонский универмаг значение, важность - to set (great /high, much/) * by /(редк) (up) on/ придавать( большое) значение (чему-л.) ;
    (высоко) ценить( что-л.) - to set no * by не придавать значения (чему-л.) ;
    не ценить (что-л.) - to set little /no great/ * by не придавать большого значения (чему-л.) ;
    мало ценить (что-л.) - my wife, too, sets great * on the boys being at home моя жена также считает очень важным, чтобы мальчики жили дома( американизм) (сленг) контора, офис( компьютерное) запоминающее устройство, накопитель > * is no sore (пословица) запас не беда;
    чем больше, тем лучше;
    кашу маслом не испортишь снабжать;
    наполнять - to * a ship with provisions снабдить судно провиантом - to * one's memory with facts обогатить память фактами - his mind is *d with knowledge /with facts/ он много знает - don't * your mind with trivial не забивай себе голову /мозги/ пустяками - the gallery is richly *d with Old Masters в галерее широко представлены картины старых мастеров хранить, сохранять (тж. * away) - to * away plants from frost уберечь растения от мороза, убрать растения на зиму - facts *d away in the memory факты, хранимые в памяти - survival rations are *d away in waterproof boxes аварийные пайки хранятся в водонепроницаемых ящиках запасать, откладывать, накапливать (тж. * up) - to * (up) food for the winter запасать продовольствие на зиму - to * up bitterness копить горечь - she *d what little she could save она откладывала то (немногое), что могла сэкономить - the crop is not yet *d урожай еще не убран - an organism that *s DDT организм, накапливающий ДДТ отдавать на хранение, хранить на складе - to * one's furniture сдать мебель на хранение вмещать - how much energy can this battery *? какова емкость этой батареи? branch ~ магазин торговой сети buffer ~ вчт. буферная память buffer ~ вчт. буферное запоминающее устройство chain ~ однотипные розничные магазины одной фирмы cold ~ склад-холодильник computer ~ компьютерный магазин cooperative ~ кооперативный магазин data ~ вчт. запоминающее устройство data ~ вчт. память data ~ вчт. хранилище данных department ~ универсальный магазин, универмаг department ~ универсальный магазин ~ склад, пакгауз;
    to deposit one's furniture in a store сдать мебель на хранение на склад discount ~ магазин, торгующий по сниженным ценам discount ~ магазин уцененных товаров general ~ магазин со смешанным ассортиментом general ~ универсальный магазин ~ запасать, откладывать (тж. store up) ;
    the harvest has been stored урожай убран ~ снабжать;
    наполнять;
    his mind is well stored with knowledge он очень много знает I have a surprise in ~ for you у меня для вас приготовлен сюрприз ~ запас, резерв;
    in store наготове, про запас;
    to lay in store for the winter запасать на зиму ~ запас, резерв;
    in store наготове, про запас;
    to lay in store for the winter запасать на зиму main ~ главный склад main ~ оперативная память main ~ оперативное запоминающее устройство main ~ вчт. основная память main ~ вчт. основное запоминающее устройство microprogram ~ вчт. управляющая память military ~ магазин для военнослужащих object ~ вчт. объектно-ориентуемая память primary ~ вчт. первичное запоминающее устройство rapid ~ вчт. запоминающее устройство с быстрой выборкой rapid ~ вчт. запоминающее устройство с малым временем выборки record ~ вчт. добавление записи to set (great) ~ by придавать (большое) значение;
    (высоко) ценить;
    to set no store by не придавать значения;
    не ценить to set (great) ~ by придавать (большое) значение;
    (высоко) ценить;
    to set no store by не придавать значения;
    не ценить specialty ~ специализированный магазин store большое количество;
    изобилие ~ вмещать ~ запас, склад ~ запас, резерв;
    in store наготове, про запас;
    to lay in store for the winter запасать на зиму ~ запас ~ запасать, откладывать (тж. store up) ;
    the harvest has been stored урожай убран ~ запасать ~ pl запасы, припасы;
    имущество;
    marine stores старое корабельное имущество ~ comp. запоминать ~ comp. запоминающее устройство ~ (амер.) лавка, магазин ~ лавка ~ (преим. амер.) магазин, лавка ~ магазин ~ накапливать ~ отдавать на хранение, хранить на складе ~ отдавать на хранение ~ comp. память ~ помещать на склад ~ склад, пакгауз;
    to deposit one's furniture in a store сдать мебель на хранение на склад ~ склад ~ складировать ~ скот, откармливаемый на убой ~ снабжать;
    наполнять;
    his mind is well stored with knowledge он очень много знает ~ (the stores) pl универмаг ~ универмаг ~ универсальный магазин ~ хранилище ~ хранить ~ хранить на складе ~ центральный магазин, универмаг ~ преим. амер. готовый, купленный в магазине;
    ~ clothes готовое платье ~ attr. запасный, запасной;
    оставленный про запас;
    оставленный для использования впоследствии ~ преим. амер. готовый, купленный в магазине;
    ~ clothes готовое платье ~ of value запас ценных товаров variety chain ~ галантерейный магазин цепного подчинения variety ~ амер. универсальный магазин volatile ~ вчт. запоминающее устройство с разрушением информации при выключении электропитания volatile ~ память с разрушением информации при выключении электропитания volatile ~ вчт. энергозависимое запоминающее устройство volatile ~ энергонезависимая память working ~ вчт. оперативное запоминающее устройство working ~ вчт. рабочее запоминающее устройство

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > store

  • 15 power

    1. noun
    1) (ability) Kraft, die

    do all in one's power to help somebodyalles in seiner Macht od. seinen Kräften Stehende tun, um jemandem zu helfen

    2) (faculty) Fähigkeit, die; Vermögen, das (geh.); (talent) Begabung, die; Talent, das
    3) (vigour, intensity) (of sun's rays) Kraft, die; (of sermon, performance) Eindringlichkeit, die; (solidity, physical strength) Kraft, die; (of a blow) Wucht, die
    4) (authority) Macht, die, Herrschaft, die ( over über + Akk.)

    she was in his powersie war in seiner Gewalt

    5) (personal ascendancy)

    [exercise/get] power — Einfluss [ausüben/gewinnen] ( over auf + Akk.)

    6) (political or social ascendancy) Macht, die

    hold poweran der Macht sein

    come into poweran die Macht kommen

    balance of power — Kräftegleichgewicht, das

    7) (authorization) Vollmacht, die
    8) (influential person) Autorität, die; (influential thing) Machtfaktor, der

    be the power behind the throne(Polit.) die graue Eminenz sein

    the powers that be — die maßgeblichen Stellen; die da oben (ugs.)

    9) (State) Macht, die
    10) (coll.): (large amount) Menge, die (ugs.)
    11) (Math.) Potenz, die
    12) (mechanical, electrical) Kraft, die; (electric current) Strom, der; (of loudspeaker, engine, etc.) Leistung, die
    13) (deity) Macht, die
    2. transitive verb
    [Treibstoff, Dampf, Strom, Gas:] antreiben; [Batterie:] mit Energie versehen od. versorgen
    * * *
    1) ((an) ability: A witch has magic power; A cat has the power of seeing in the dark; He no longer has the power to walk.) die Kraft
    2) (strength, force or energy: muscle power; water-power; ( also adjective) a power tool (=a tool operated by electricity etc. not by hand).) die Kraft; mit Elektrizität betrieben
    3) (authority or control: political groups fighting for power; How much power does the Queen have?; I have him in my power at last) die Macht
    4) (a right belonging to eg a person in authority: The police have the power of arrest.) die Befugnis
    5) (a person with great authority or influence: He is quite a power in the town.) einflußreiche Persönlichkeit
    6) (a strong and influential country: the Western powers.) die Macht
    7) (the result obtained by multiplying a number by itself a given number of times: 2 × 2 × 2 or 23 is the third power of 2, or 2 to the power of 3.) die Potenz
    - academic.ru/117970/powered">powered
    - powerful
    - powerfully
    - powerfulness
    - powerless
    - powerlessness
    - power cut
    - failure
    - power-driven
    - power point
    - power station
    - be in power
    * * *
    pow·er
    [ˈpaʊəʳ, AM -ɚ]
    I. n
    1. no pl (control) Macht f; (influence) Einfluss m
    gay/black \power movement Schwulenbewegung f/schwarze Bürgerrechtsbewegung
    to be in sb's \power völlig unter jds Einfluss stehen
    to have sb in one's \power jdn in seiner Gewalt haben
    to have \power over sb/sth (control) Macht über jdn/etw haben; (influence) Einfluss auf jdn/etw haben
    he has a mysterious \power over her sie ist ihm auf eine rätselhafte Art verfallen
    2. no pl (political control) Macht f
    absolute \power absolute Macht
    to come to \power an die Macht kommen
    executive/legislative \power die exekutive/legislative Gewalt
    to fall from \power die Macht abgeben müssen
    to be in/out of \power an der Macht/nicht an der Macht sein
    to restore sb to \power jdn wieder an die Macht bringen
    to be returned to \power wieder [o erneut] an die Macht kommen
    to seize \power die Macht ergreifen [o übernehmen
    3. (nation) [Führungs]macht f
    industrial/military \power Industriemacht/Militärmacht f
    naval [or sea] \power Seemacht f
    nuclear \power Atommacht f
    the West's leading \powers die westlichen Führungsmächte
    world \power Weltmacht f
    4. (person, group) Macht f; (person also) treibende Kraft
    \powers pl (group) Kräfte pl
    she is becoming an increasingly important \power in the company sie wird innerhalb des Unternehmens zunehmend wichtiger
    Mother Teresa was a \power for good Mutter Teresa hat viel Gutes bewirkt
    the \powers of darkness die Mächte pl der Finsternis
    5. no pl (right) Berechtigung f, Befugnis f
    it is [with]in my \power to order your arrest ich bin dazu berechtigt, Sie unter Arrest zu stellen
    to have the \power of veto das Vetorecht haben
    \powers pl Kompetenz[en] f[pl]
    to act beyond one's \powers seine Kompetenzen überschreiten
    to give sb full \powers to do sth jdn bevollmächtigen, etw zu tun
    7. no pl (ability) Vermögen nt, Macht f
    it is beyond my \power to... es steht nicht in meiner Macht,...
    the doctors will soon have it within their \power to... die Ärzte werden bald in der Lage sein,...
    \power of absorption Absorptionsvermögen nt
    to do everything in one's \power alles in seiner Macht Stehende tun
    to have the [or have it in one's] \power to do sth die Fähigkeit haben, etw zu tun, etw tun können
    they have the \power to destroy us sie haben die Macht, uns zu zerstören
    \powers pl Vermögen nt kein pl, Fähigkeiten pl
    \powers of concentration Konzentrationsfähigkeit f
    \powers of endurance Durchhaltevermögen nt
    to be at the height [or peak] of one's \powers auf dem Höhepunkt seiner Leistungsfähigkeit sein
    intellectual/mental \powers intellektuelle/geistige Fähigkeiten
    \powers of observation Beobachtungsfähigkeit f
    \powers of persuasion Überzeugungskraft f
    9. no pl (strength) Kraft f, Stärke f; (of sea, wind, explosion) Gewalt f; (of nation, political party) Stärke f, Macht f
    economic \power Wirtschaftsmacht f
    explosive \power Sprengkraft f a. fig
    military \power militärische Stärke
    10. no pl (emotion) Intensität f; of words Macht f
    a poet of immense \power eine Dichterin von unglaublicher Ausdruckskraft
    11. no pl (electricity) Strom m, Elektrizität f
    to cut off the \power den Strom abstellen
    to disconnect the \power den Strom abschalten
    hydroelectric \power Wasserkraft f
    nuclear \power Atomenergie f
    solar \power Solarenergie f, Sonnenenergie f
    source of \power Energiequelle f, Energielieferant m
    12. no pl (output) Leistung f, Kraft f
    full \power ahead! volle Kraft voraus!
    13. no pl (dioptres) Stärke f
    what's the magnification \power of your binoculars? wie stark ist Ihr Fernglas?
    14. no pl MATH Potenz f
    \power of ten Zehnerpotenz f
    two to the \power [of] four [or to the fourth \power] zwei hoch vier
    three raised to the \power of six drei in die sechste Potenz erhoben
    15.
    the \powers that be die Mächtigen
    it's up to the \powers that be to decide what... sollen die da oben doch entscheiden, was... fam
    to do sb a \power of good ( fam) jdm wirklich gut tun
    more \power to your elbow [or AM to you]! nur zu!, viel Erfolg!
    \power behind the throne graue Eminenz
    II. n modifier
    1. (electric) (source, supply) Strom-
    \power failure [or loss] Stromausfall m
    \power industry Energiewirtschaft f
    \power output elektrische Leistung, Stromleistung f
    \power switch [Strom]schalter m
    2. (political) (block, game, structure) Macht-
    \power politics Machtpolitik f
    \power struggle Machtkampf m
    \power vacuum Machtvakuum nt
    III. vi
    1. (speed)
    to \power somewhere irgendwohin sausen [o fam rasen
    2. (work hard) sich akk mächtig ins Zeug legen fam
    IV. vt
    to \power sth etw antreiben
    diesel-\powered trucks Lkws mit Dieselantrieb
    * * *
    ['paʊə(r)]
    1. n
    1) no pl (= physical strength) Kraft f; (= force of blow, explosion etc) Stärke f, Gewalt f, Wucht f; (fig of argument etc) Überzeugungskraft f

    the power of love/logic/tradition — die Macht der Liebe/Logik/Tradition

    2) (= faculty, ability of hearing, imagination) Vermögen nt no pl

    mental/hypnotic powers — geistige/hypnotische Kräfte pl

    he did all in his power to help them —

    it's beyond my power or not within my power to... — es steht nicht in meiner Macht, zu...

    4) (no pl = sphere or strength of influence, authority) Macht f; (JUR, parental) Gewalt f; (usu pl = thing one has authority to do) Befugnis f

    he has the power to acter ist handlungsberechtigt

    the power of the police/of the law — die Macht der Polizei/des Gesetzes

    the party now in power — die Partei, die im Augenblick an der Macht ist

    "student/worker power" — "Macht den Studenten/Arbeitern"

    5) (= person or institution having authority) Autorität f, Machtfaktor m

    to be the power behind the scenes/throne — die graue Eminenz sein

    the powers of darkness/evil — die Mächte der Finsternis/des Bösen

    6) (= nation) Macht f
    7) (= source of energy nuclear, electric power etc) Energie f; (of water, steam) Energie f, Kraft f

    power on/off (technical device)

    the ship made port under her own powerdas Schiff lief mit eigener Kraft in den Hafen ein

    8) (of engine, machine, loudspeakers, transmitter) Leistung f; (of microscope, lens, sun's rays, drug, chemical) Stärke f

    the power of suggestion —

    9) (MATH) Potenz f

    to the power (of) 2 — hoch 2, in der 2. Potenz

    10) (inf

    = a lot of) a power of help — eine wertvolle or große Hilfe

    2. vt
    (engine) antreiben; (fuel) betreiben

    powered by electricity/by jet engines — mit Elektro-/Düsenantrieb

    3. vi
    (runner, racing car) rasen

    the swimmer powered through the water —

    * * *
    power [ˈpaʊə(r)]
    A s
    1. Kraft f, Stärke f, Macht f, Vermögen n:
    it was out of ( oder not in) his power to do it es stand nicht in seiner Macht, es zu tun;
    more power to your elbow! bes Br umg viel Erfolg!;
    do all in one’s power alles tun, was in seiner Macht steht;
    it is beyond my power es übersteigt meine Kraft
    2. (auch physische) Kraft, Energie f
    3. Wucht f, Gewalt f, Kraft f
    4. meist pl
    a) (hypnotische etc) Kräfte pl
    b) (geistige) Fähigkeiten pl:
    power to concentrate, power(s) of concentration Konzentrationsvermögen n, -fähigkeit f; observation A 3, persuasion 2 Talent n
    5. Macht f, Gewalt f, Autorität f, Herrschaft f ( alle:
    over über akk):
    the power of money die Macht des Geldes;
    be in power an der Macht oder umg am Ruder sein;
    be in sb’s power in jemandes Gewalt sein;
    come into power an die Macht oder umg ans Ruder kommen, zur Macht gelangen;
    have sb in one’s power jemanden in seiner Gewalt haben;
    have (no) power over sb (keinen) Einfluss auf jemanden haben; key1 A 1
    6. JUR (Handlungs-, Vertretungs)Vollmacht f, Befugnis f:
    power of testation Testierfähigkeit f; attorney b, full1 A 11, go beyond
    7. POL Gewalt f (als Staatsfunktion): legislative A 1, separation 1, etc
    8. POL (Macht)Befugnis f, (Amts)Gewalt f
    9. POL Macht f, Staat m: Great Powers
    10. Machtfaktor m, einflussreiche Stelle oder Person:
    the powers that be die maßgeblichen (Regierungs)Stellen;
    11. höhere Macht:
    the heavenly powers die himmlischen Mächte; darkness 4
    12. Powers pl REL Mächte pl (6. Ordnung der Engel)
    13. umg Menge f:
    it did him a power of good es hat ihm unwahrscheinlich gutgetan
    14. MATH Potenz f:
    power series Potenzreihe f;
    raise to the third power in die dritte Potenz erheben
    15. ELEK, PHYS Kraft f, Leistung f, Energie f:
    power per unit surface ( oder area) Flächenleistung
    16. ELEK (Stark)Strom m
    17. RADIO, TV Sendestärke f
    18. TECH
    a) mechanische Kraft, Antriebskraft f
    b) horsepower 1:
    a) mit laufendem Motor,
    b) (mit) Vollgas;
    power off mit abgestelltem Motor, im Leerlauf;
    under one’s own power mit eigener Kraft, fig a. unter eigener Regie
    19. OPT Vergrößerungskraft f, (Brenn)Stärke f (einer Linse)
    B v/t TECH mit (mechanischer etc) Kraft betreiben, antreiben, (mit Motor) ausrüsten: rocket-powered
    C v/i TECH mit Motorkraft fahren
    p. abk
    1. page S.
    2. part T.
    3. LING participle Part.
    4. past
    5. Br penny, pence
    6. per
    7. post, after
    P abk
    3. PHYS power;
    4. PHYS pressure
    pr abk
    1. pair
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (ability) Kraft, die

    do all in one's power to help somebodyalles in seiner Macht od. seinen Kräften Stehende tun, um jemandem zu helfen

    2) (faculty) Fähigkeit, die; Vermögen, das (geh.); (talent) Begabung, die; Talent, das
    3) (vigour, intensity) (of sun's rays) Kraft, die; (of sermon, performance) Eindringlichkeit, die; (solidity, physical strength) Kraft, die; (of a blow) Wucht, die
    4) (authority) Macht, die, Herrschaft, die ( over über + Akk.)

    [exercise/get] power — Einfluss [ausüben/gewinnen] ( over auf + Akk.)

    balance of power — Kräftegleichgewicht, das

    7) (authorization) Vollmacht, die
    8) (influential person) Autorität, die; (influential thing) Machtfaktor, der

    be the power behind the throne(Polit.) die graue Eminenz sein

    the powers that be — die maßgeblichen Stellen; die da oben (ugs.)

    9) (State) Macht, die
    10) (coll.): (large amount) Menge, die (ugs.)
    11) (Math.) Potenz, die
    12) (mechanical, electrical) Kraft, die; (electric current) Strom, der; (of loudspeaker, engine, etc.) Leistung, die
    13) (deity) Macht, die
    2. transitive verb
    [Treibstoff, Dampf, Strom, Gas:] antreiben; [Batterie:] mit Energie versehen od. versorgen
    * * *
    (of) n.
    Macht ¨-e (über) f. (exponent, Mathematics) n.
    (Mathematik) f. n.
    Einfluss -¨e m.
    Energie -n f.
    Herrschaft f.
    Kraft ¨-e f.
    Leistung -en f.
    Potenz -en f.
    Strom ¨-e m.
    Vermögen - n.

    English-german dictionary > power

  • 16 reserve

    rə'zə:v
    1. verb
    1) (to ask for or order to be kept for the use of a particular person, often oneself: The restaurant is busy on Saturdays, so I'll phone up today and reserve a table.) reservar
    2) (to keep for the use of a particular person or group of people, or for a particular use: These seats are reserved for the committee members.) reservar

    2. noun
    1) (something which is kept for later use or for use when needed: The farmer kept a reserve of food in case he was cut off by floods.) reserva
    2) (a piece of land used for a special purpose eg for the protection of animals: a wild-life reserve; a nature reserve.) reserva
    3) (the habit of not saying very much, not showing what one is feeling, thinking etc; shyness.) reserva
    4) ((often in plural) soldiers, sailors etc who do not belong to the regular full-time army, navy etc but who are called into action when needed eg during a war.) reservistas
    - reserved
    - have
    - keep in reserve

    1. reserva
    2. reserva natural
    reserve2 vb reservar
    tr[rɪ'zɜːv]
    1 (gen) reserva
    1 reservar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to reserve the right to do something reservarse el derecho de hacer algo
    reserve currency divisa de reserva
    reserve price precio mínimo
    reserve team equipo de reserva
    reserve [ri'zərv] vt, - served ; - serving : reservar
    1) stock: reserva f
    to keep in reserve: guardar en reserva
    2) restraint: reserva f, moderación f
    3) reserves npl
    : reservas fpl (militares)
    adj.
    reservista adj.
    n.
    reemplazo s.m.
    reserva s.f.
    retraimiento s.m.
    retén s.m.
    sigilo s.m.
    v.
    reservar v.
    separar v.

    I rɪ'zɜːrv, rɪ'zɜːv
    1) c ( stock) reserva f
    2) c
    a)

    the Reserve — ( Mil) la reserva

    b) ( Sport) ( substitute player) reserva mf, suplente mf; (before n) < goalkeeper> de reserva
    3) reserves pl ( Mil) reservas fpl; (BrE Sport) reserva f
    4) c ( land) coto m, reserva f; ( game reserve) coto m de caza; ( nature reserve) reserva f natural
    5) u
    a) ( self-restraint) reserva f, cautela f

    II
    a) ( book) \<\<room/seat/table\>\> reservar
    b) (keep, save)

    to reserve something (FOR something)reservar or guardar algo (para algo)

    the company reserves the right to change... — la compañía se reserva el derecho de cambiar...

    [rɪ'zɜːv]
    1. N
    1) [of money, fuel, minerals] reserva f
    2) (Mil)
    3) (esp Brit) (Sport) reserva mf, suplente mf

    to play in or with the reserves — jugar en el segundo equipo

    4) (=land) reserva f ; (also: game reserve) coto m (de caza); (also: nature reserve) reserva f natural
    5) (=restriction)
    6) (=hiding one's feelings) reserva f
    2. VT
    1) (=book, set aside) reservar

    did you reserve the tickets? — ¿has reservado los billetes?

    2) (Jur) aplazar
    3.
    CPD

    reserve bank N(US) banco m de reserva

    reserve currency Ndivisa f de reserva

    reserve fund Nfondo m de reserva

    reserve petrol tank (Brit), reserve gas tank (US) Ndepósito m de gasolina de reserva

    reserve price N(Brit) precio m mínimo (fijado en una subasta)

    reserve team N(Brit) (Sport) equipo m de reserva

    * * *

    I [rɪ'zɜːrv, rɪ'zɜːv]
    1) c ( stock) reserva f
    2) c
    a)

    the Reserve — ( Mil) la reserva

    b) ( Sport) ( substitute player) reserva mf, suplente mf; (before n) < goalkeeper> de reserva
    3) reserves pl ( Mil) reservas fpl; (BrE Sport) reserva f
    4) c ( land) coto m, reserva f; ( game reserve) coto m de caza; ( nature reserve) reserva f natural
    5) u
    a) ( self-restraint) reserva f, cautela f

    II
    a) ( book) \<\<room/seat/table\>\> reservar
    b) (keep, save)

    to reserve something (FOR something)reservar or guardar algo (para algo)

    the company reserves the right to change... — la compañía se reserva el derecho de cambiar...

    English-spanish dictionary > reserve

  • 17 green consumers

    марк. "зеленые" потребители (группа потребителей, предпочитающих экологически чистые продукты)

    By green consumers we mean consumers who buy, use or borrow environmentally friendly or ethically sound products and services. — Под "зелеными" потребителями мы подразумеваем тех потребителей, которые покупают, используют или заимствуют безвредные для окружающей среды или этически приемлемые товары и услуги.

    We asked a wide range of green consumers about their recent purchases and how they decided between a whole range of factors such as price, brand, availability, colour, size as well as energy efficiency, water consumption, fuel used in distribution, working conditions or even the other activities that a company was involved in. — Мы опросили множество "зеленых" потребителей относительно их недавних покупок и о том, каким образом они делали выбор между целым рядом факторов, таких как цена, бренд, доступность, цвет, размер, а также потребление энергии, расход воды, топливо, израсходованное при транспортировке, условия работы или даже другие показатели деятельности, которой занимается компания.

    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > green consumers

  • 18 store

    sto:
    1. noun
    1) (a supply of eg goods from which things are taken when required: They took a store of dried and canned food on the expedition; The quartermaster is the officer in charge of stores.) provisión
    2) (a (large) collected amount or quantity: He has a store of interesting facts in his head.) reserva, almacén, depósito
    3) (a place where a supply of goods etc is kept; a storehouse or storeroom: It's in the store(s).) almacén, depósito
    4) (a shop: The post office here is also the village store; a department store.) tienda

    2. verb
    1) (to put into a place for keeping: We stored our furniture in the attic while the tenants used our house.) almacenar, guardar, acumular
    2) (to stock (a place etc) with goods etc: The museum is stored with interesting exhibits.) abastecer
    - storehouse
    - storeroom
    - in store
    - set great store by
    - set store by
    - store up

    store1 n
    1. tienda / almacén
    2. almacén
    a store for furniture un almacén para muebles / un guardamuebles
    3. reserva
    store2 vb almacenar / guardar
    tr[stɔːSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (supply - gen) reserva, provisión nombre femenino; (- of wisdom, knowledge) reserva; (- of jokes etc) colección nombre femenino
    2 (warehouse) almacén nombre masculino, depósito
    3 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (shop) tienda
    1 (put away) almacenar (up, -); (keep) guardar; (amass) acumular, hacer acopio de
    2 SMALLCOMPUTING/SMALL almacenar
    3 (put in storage) guardar, almacenar, mandar a un depósito
    4 figurative use (trouble etc) ir acumulando (up, -), ir almacenando (up, -)
    5 (fill with supplies) abastecer ( with, de)
    1 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL (supplies, equipment) pertrechos nombre masculino plural; (place) intendencia f sing
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be in store estar en depósito, estar en un guardamuebles
    to be something in store (for somebody) esperarle algo a alguien, aguardarle algo a alguien
    to have something in store for somebody tenerle algo preparado para alguien
    I have a surprise in store for you te tengo preparada una sorpresa, tengo una sorpresa para ti
    what does the future have in store for us? ¿qué nos depara el futuro?
    to keep something in store guardar algo de reserva
    to set store by something valorar algo mucho
    general stores colmado
    store ['stor] vt, stored ; storing : guardar, almacenar
    1) reserve, supply: reserva f
    2) shop: tienda f
    grocery store: tienda de comestibles
    n.
    pertrechos s.m.pl.
    n.
    almacén s.m.
    depósito s.m.
    despacho s.m.
    negocio s.m.
    provisión s.f.
    repuesto s.m.
    retén s.m.
    tienda s.f.
    v.
    abastecer v.
    almacenar v.
    depositar v.
    guardar v.

    I stɔːr, stɔː(r)
    1)
    a) c u (stock, supply) reserva f, provisión f

    in store: we always keep some drink in store siempre tenemos bebida de reserva; there's a surprise in store for her la espera una sorpresa, se va a llevar una sorpresa; we have a surprise in store for you te tenemos (preparada) una sorpresa; who knows what the future has in store? ¿quién sabe lo que nos deparará el futuro?; to set great/little store by something — dar* mucho/poco valor a algo

    b) stores pl (Mil, Naut) pertrechos mpl
    2)
    a) (warehouse, storage place) (often pl) almacén m, depósito m, bodega f (Méx)
    b) u ( storage) ( BrE)
    3) c
    a) ( shop) (esp AmE) tienda f

    a shoe/hardware store — una zapatería/ferretería

    b) ( department store) grandes almacenes mpl, tienda f; (before n)

    store detectiveguarda mf or vigilante mf no uniformado ( en una tienda)


    II
    1.
    a) ( keep) \<\<food/drink/supplies\>\> guardar; ( Busn) almacenar; \<\<information\>\> almacenar; \<\<electricity\>\> acumular

    store in a cool, dry place — consérvese en un lugar fresco y seco

    b) ( Comput) \<\<data/program\>\> almacenar

    2.
    vi \<\<fruit/vegetables\>\> conservarse
    Phrasal Verbs:

    III
    store-bought 'stɔːrbɔːt, 'stɔːbɔːt adjective (AmE) < clothes> de confección; < cake> comprado
    [stɔː(r)]
    1. N
    1) (=supply, stock)
    a) [of food, candles, paper] reserva f

    to have or keep sth in store — tener algo en reserva

    to lay in a store of sth — hacer una reserva de algo, proveerse de algo

    b) (fig) [of jokes, stories] repertorio m; [of information] cúmulo m

    to be in store for sb — (fig) aguardar a algn

    there's a surprise in store for you! — ¡te espera una sorpresa!

    to set great/little store by sth — tener algo en mucho/poco, dar mucho/poco valor a algo

    2) (=depository) almacén m, depósito m

    to put sth in(to) store (in a warehouse) almacenar algo; (in a furniture store) llevar algo a un guardamuebles

    to be in store (in a warehouse) estar en un almacén; (in a furniture store) estar en un guardamuebles

    3) stores (=provisions) provisiones fpl, existencias fpl; (esp Mil) (=equipment) pertrechos mpl
    4) (=shop)
    a) (esp US) [of any size] tienda f

    record storetienda f de discos

    - mind the store
    grocery, village
    b) (also: department store) grandes almacenes mpl
    chain, department
    2. VT
    1) (=keep, collect)
    a) (gen) [+ food] conservar, guardar; [+ water, fuel, electricity] almacenar; [+ heat] acumular; [+ documents] archivar
    b) (Comput) [+ information] almacenar, guardar; (Physiol) [+ fat, energy] almacenar, acumular

    where in the brain do we store information about colours? — ¿en qué parte del cerebro almacenamos or guardamos información sobre los colores?

    2) (=put away) guardar
    3) (=put in depository) [+ furniture] depositar en un guardamuebles; [+ goods, crop, waste] almacenar
    3.
    4.
    CPD

    store card Ntarjeta f de compra

    store clerk N(US) dependiente(-a) m / f

    store detective Nvigilante mf jurado (de paisano en grandes almacenes)

    store manager Ngerente mf de tienda (de grandes almacenes)

    store window N(US) escaparate m, vitrina f, vidriera f (S. Cone)

    * * *

    I [stɔːr, stɔː(r)]
    1)
    a) c u (stock, supply) reserva f, provisión f

    in store: we always keep some drink in store siempre tenemos bebida de reserva; there's a surprise in store for her la espera una sorpresa, se va a llevar una sorpresa; we have a surprise in store for you te tenemos (preparada) una sorpresa; who knows what the future has in store? ¿quién sabe lo que nos deparará el futuro?; to set great/little store by something — dar* mucho/poco valor a algo

    b) stores pl (Mil, Naut) pertrechos mpl
    2)
    a) (warehouse, storage place) (often pl) almacén m, depósito m, bodega f (Méx)
    b) u ( storage) ( BrE)
    3) c
    a) ( shop) (esp AmE) tienda f

    a shoe/hardware store — una zapatería/ferretería

    b) ( department store) grandes almacenes mpl, tienda f; (before n)

    store detectiveguarda mf or vigilante mf no uniformado ( en una tienda)


    II
    1.
    a) ( keep) \<\<food/drink/supplies\>\> guardar; ( Busn) almacenar; \<\<information\>\> almacenar; \<\<electricity\>\> acumular

    store in a cool, dry place — consérvese en un lugar fresco y seco

    b) ( Comput) \<\<data/program\>\> almacenar

    2.
    vi \<\<fruit/vegetables\>\> conservarse
    Phrasal Verbs:

    III
    store-bought ['stɔːrbɔːt, 'stɔːbɔːt] adjective (AmE) < clothes> de confección; < cake> comprado

    English-spanish dictionary > store

  • 19 inefficient

    adjective
    ineffizient; (incapable) unfähig

    the worker/machine is inefficient — der Arbeiter/die Maschine leistet nicht genug

    * * *
    [ini'fiʃənt]
    (not working or producing results etc in the best way and so wasting time, energy etc: an inefficient workman; old-fashioned, inefficient machinery.) untauglich
    - academic.ru/88194/inefficiently">inefficiently
    - inefficiency
    * * *
    in·ef·fi·cient
    [ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃənt]
    1. (dissatisfactory) organization, person unfähig, inkompetent; system ineffizient; (not productive) unwirtschaftlich
    grossly \inefficient extrem ineffizient
    to be \inefficient at doing sth etw nicht beherrschen [o schaffen
    2. (wasteful) unrationell
    \inefficient machine/methods of production leistungsschwache Maschine/Produktionsmethoden
    * * *
    ["InI'fISənt]
    adj
    person unfähig, ineffizient (geh); machine, engine leistungsschwach; method unrationell; use unwirtschaftlich; factory, company unproduktiv, ineffizient (geh)

    to be inefficient at doing sth —

    * * *
    inefficient adj (adv inefficiently)
    1. ineffizient, untüchtig, (leistungs)unfähig
    2. ineffizient, unwirksam
    3. ineffizient, unrationell, unwirtschaftlich
    4. ineffizient, unbrauchbar, untauglich, TECH auch leistungsschwach
    * * *
    adjective
    ineffizient; (incapable) unfähig

    the worker/machine is inefficient — der Arbeiter/die Maschine leistet nicht genug

    * * *
    adj.
    unrationell adj.
    unwirksam adj.

    English-german dictionary > inefficient

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